海洋环境突发事件的大数据协同治理体系研究

为了提升当前海洋环境突发事件治理体系在大数据时代收集、储存、分析、预警的能力并增强单一海上应急部门的处置能力,研究分析了大数据协同治理海洋环境突发事件的优势,构建了大数据背景下的协同治理体系,充分利用大数据对数据信息的收集、分析能力,在我国大规模开发海洋资源背景下,为处置海洋环境突发事件提供有效的支持。     

序批式膜反应器处理高氨氮渗滤液同步硝化反硝化特性

应用序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)处理实际垃圾渗滤液,在DO浓度分别为0.45mg.l-1和1.19mg.l-1条件下,研究了系统的有机物,氨氮和总氮去除特性以及游离氨(FA),DO对系统同步硝化反硝化(SND)类型的影响.250d试验研究表明:SBRR系统能够稳定高效地同步去除渗滤液内高浓度有机物和高浓度氨氮.在初始COD浓度为122—2385 mg.l-1的情况下,出水COD浓度为23—929 mg.l-1,有机物最大去除速率25.6 kgCOD.m-2载体.d-1.在初始NH4+-N浓度为40—396.5 mg.l-1的情况下,出水NH4+-N浓度为0—41.2 mg.l-1,最大硝化速率2.87 kgN.m-2载体.d-1.SBBR系统内发生了明显的同步硝化反硝化(SND)现象,TN平均去除率分别为73.8%(DO=0.45 mg.l-1)和30%(DO=1.19 mg.l-1)左右.当FA浓度在1.5—11.6 mg.l-1范围内时,系统中共存硝酸型SND和亚硝酸性SND.当FA从18.6 mg.l-1增加到56 mg.l-1,系统中形成稳定的亚硝酸SND.因此,FA是影响系统SND类型的主要因素,DO可促进亚硝酸性SND向硝酸型SND转化.     

扎龙湿地南山湖沉积岩芯重金属污染特征及来源判别

选取扎龙湿地南部围湖造田、湖水养殖典型湖泊——南山湖为研究区,分析NSH2沉积岩芯中Hg、Cd、Pb、Cr、As、Mn、Ag、Cu、Co、Fe和Zn这11种重金属元素总量的垂向分布特征,结合颗粒组成指标,采用主成分分析的方法,并辅以210Pbex测年数据,研究了自1829年以来该湖区沉积物重金属元素污染特征、来源及污染历史.结果表明：①近两百年以来沉积物沉积速率经历了由慢到快再到慢的过程,沉积历史与南山湖流域人类的生产活动和水土保持政策相吻合;②1957年以前各元素含量变化趋势平稳,1957～1985年间存在小幅波动,1985年以后变化明显,其中Hg、Cd和Ag含量明显偏高;③NSH2沉积岩芯重金属污染来源以生活污水、化肥农药的流失以及煤与汽油等燃料的燃烧为主,其次是有机质降解、岩石风化和侵蚀,还存在工业排污源,贡献率分别为50.14%、19.90%和10.32%.南山湖重金属污染具有一定的潜在风险,在当地湖泊湿地污染治理中应予以足够的重视,此研究可为扎龙湿地湖区生态环境的整治与改善提供基础性的数据资料.     

Characteristics of anoxic phosphors removal in sequence batch reactor

The characteristics of anaerobic phosphorus release and anoxic phosphorus uptake were investigated in sequencing batch reactors using denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria （DPB） sludge. The lab-scale experiments were accomplished under conditions of various nitrite concentrations （5.5, 9.5, and 15 mg/L） and mixed liquor suspended solids （MLSS） （1844, 3231, and 6730 mg/L）. The results obtained confirmed that nitrite, MLSS, and pH were key factors, which had a significant impact on anaerobic phosphorus release and anoxic phosphorus uptake in the biological phosphorous removal process. The nitrites were able to successfully act as electron acceptors for phosphorous uptake at a limited concentration between 5.5 and 9.5 mg/L. The denitrification and dephosphorous were inhibited when the nitrite concentration reached 15 mg/L. This observation indicated that the nitrite would not inhibit phosphorus uptake before it exceeded a threshold concentration. It was assumed that an increase of MLSS concentration from 1844 mg/L to 6730 mg/L led to the increase of denitrification and anoxic P-uptake rate. On the contrary, the average P-uptake/N denitrifying reduced from 2.10 to 1.57 mg PO4^3--P/mg NO3^--N. Therefore, it could be concluded that increasing MLSS of the DEPHANOX system might shorten the reaction time of phosphorus release and anoxic phosphorus uptake. However, excessive MLSS might reduce the specific denitrifying rate. Meanwhile, a rapid pH increase occurred at the beginning of the anoxic conditions as a result of denitrification and anoxic phosphate uptake. Anaerobic P release rate increased with an increase in pH. Moreover, when pH exceeded a relatively high value of 8.0, the dissolved P concentration decreased in the liquid phase, because of chemical precipitation. This observation suggested that pH should be strictly controlled below 8.0 to avoid chemical precipitation if the biological denitrifying phosphorus removal capability is to be studied accurately.     

平菇菌糠对废水中铜离子的生物吸附性能

针对重金属污染和农业固体废弃物资源化问题,利用平菇菌糠作为吸附剂对废水中Cu2+吸附性能进行研究.通过单因素实验测定pH、吸附时间、温度、Cu2+初始浓度对吸附效果的影响;利用扫描电镜-能谱、红外光谱和X射线衍射对其吸附机制进行了初步探究.结果表明,菌糠浓度为10 g·L-1,pH为6,吸附时间为120 min,吸附温度为30℃,铜离子初始浓度为8mg·L-1的条件下,吸附率可达到74.46%,吸附容量为0.744 6 mg·g-1.实验数据较好地吻合Langmuir吸附等温模型,其相关系数为0.994 9,表明吸附过程主要为单层化学吸附.扫描电镜-能谱、红外光谱和X射线衍射分析显示,平菇菌糠吸附Cu2+过程主要为物理吸附和化学吸附,包括静电吸附、络合和配位等反应,其中起主要作用的基团为—OH、—COOH、—NH等.     

Preparation, characterization, and photocatalytic activities of boron- and cerium-codoped TiO2

Boron- and cerium-codoped TiO2 photocatalysts were synthesized using modified sol-gel reaction process and characterized by X- ray diffraction （XRD）, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, particle size distribution （PSD）, diffuse reflectance spectra （DRS）, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller （BET）. The photocatalytic activities were evaluated by monitoring the degradation of dye Acid Red B （ARB）. The results showed that the prepared photocatalysts were mixed oxides mainly consisting of titania, ceria, and boron oxide. The structure of TiO2 could be transformed from amorphous to anatase and then to rutile by increasing calcination temperature; the transformation being accompanied by the growth of particle size without any obvious change in phase structure of CeO2. The XPS of B1.6Ce1.0-TiO2 prepared at 500℃ showed that a few boron atoms were incorporated into titania and ceria lattice, whereas others existed as B2O3. Cerium ions existed in two states, Ce^3＋ and Ce^4＋, and the atomic ratio of Ce^3＋/Ce^4＋ was 1.86. When boron and cerium were doped, the UV-Vis adsorption band wavelength showed an obvious shift toward the visible range （〈526 nm）. As the atomic ratio of Ce/Ti increased to 1.0, the absorbance edge wavelength increased to 481 nm. The absorbance edge wavelength decreased for higher cerium doping levels （Ce/Ti=2.0）. The particles size ranged from 122 to 255 nm with a domain at 168 nm （39.4%）. The degradation of ARB dye indicated that the photocatalytic activities of boron- and cerium-codoped TiO2 were much higher than those of P25 （a standard TiO2 powder）. The activities increased as the boron doping increased, whereas decreased when the Ce/Ti atomic ratio was greater than 0.5. The optimum atomic ratio of B/Ti and Ce/Ti was 1.6 and 0.5, respectively.     

城市污水SBR法短程生物脱氮的中试研究

采用处理量为60m³/d的SBR大型中试系统对实际城市污水的短程脱氮效果和稳定性进行研究.通过对传统时间控制模式和在线实时控制模式的对比分析可知,应用实时在线控制的分段进水交替缺氧/好氧运行模式,在达到相同深度脱氮效果的前提下,相对于传统运行方式的反应时间显著缩短,投加的外碳源量也缩减了25%.系统在保证平均总氮去除率98.2%的基础上,获得了较好的短程硝化效果,各好氧反应段的亚硝化率均在95%以上.精准的在线实时过程控制与交替缺氧/好氧的运行方式是短程生物脱氮实现及稳定的主要因素.     

氯嘧磺隆降解菌的筛选及对污染土壤的生物修复

采用富集培养方法从江苏某激素研究所污水处理池排污口污泥中分离得到1株氯嘧磺隆降解菌,经菌株形态学特征和26S rDNA序列分析,鉴定为胶红酵母菌（Rhodotorula mucilaginosa ）.经降解条件优化,菌株对含100mg/L氯嘧磺隆的无机盐培养基中氯嘧磺隆的最佳降解条件为：接种量2.5%,培养温度28℃,pH 6.0,培养5d后降解率为87.33%;在氯嘧磺隆初始浓度为10mg/kg（干土）的模拟污染土壤中,菌株最佳降解条件为：接种量2.5%,温度25℃,pH 6.0,土壤含水量30%,静息培养30d后降解率为90.74%.土壤修复实验结果表明,施加胶红酵母菌后减轻了氯嘧磺隆对小麦幼苗的药害,在氯嘧磺隆浓度为10mg/kg的土壤中投加降解菌后,小麦的出苗率、株高、根长及鲜重均明显高于未投加降解菌的对照组（P < 0.05）.     

碳氮比对UniFed SBR工艺性能的影响

采用UniFed SBR工艺试验装置处理实际生活污水,考察了7组不同的进水碳氮比(2.75、4.28、5.7、6.5、6.97、8.08、11.19)对总氮、磷和COD去除以及污泥沉降性能的影响.结果表明,当C/N低于5.7时, TN去除率随C/N的升高而快速大幅度提高,从2.75时的43.6%升至5.7时的80.84%,之后继续提高C/N,由于不能进一步提高进水/排水阶段的脱氮率,只能提高曝气阶段由于同步硝化反硝化产生的脱氮率,所以TN去除率的提高变得缓慢.随着进水C/N的增加,聚磷菌可从进水中获得更多的有机碳源,进行PHB的合成和PO3-4的释放,同时避免了NO-x;对释磷产生的抑制作用,因而磷的去除率随C/N的增加而提高,且C/N越高, PAOs的释磷量和吸磷量越多,好氧吸磷速率越快,除磷效果越好.进水C/N的变化对COD的去除没有显著影响,平均去除率为93.15%.当C/N大于6.97、有机负荷高于0.38kg/(kg·d)时,污泥容积指数随C/N的增加而大幅度提高,产生由于低溶解氧和高负荷带来的非丝状菌污泥膨胀.     

负载型纳米铁吸附剂去除饮用水中As(Ⅴ)的研究

以活性炭为载体制备了一种负载型纳米铁吸附剂.纳米铁在活性炭孔内为针状,其直径为30～500 nm,长度为1 000～3 000 nm,载入量[m(Fe)/m(炭)]为82.1 mg/g.用1.5 g/L该吸附剂对pH 6.5、 (25±2)℃、 2 mg/L的As(Ⅴ)进行吸附其去除率为99.5%,在平衡浓度1.0 mg/L时,该吸附剂对As(Ⅴ)的吸附容量为15.4 mg/g;吸附速度较快,12 h可达91.4%,72 h达到吸附平衡.吸附过程可由孔内扩散模型较好地说明.除PO_4~(3-)、SiO_4~(2-)外其它常见阴阳离子均对As(Ⅴ)的去除影响不大.吸附剂可以用0.1 mol/L NaOH溶液再生,再生效率较高.实验室初步实验数据表明,该吸附剂对饮用水砷去除具有较好的应用前景.