国外热塑性树脂基复合材料低轨原子氧环境效应研究进展

针对具有良好应用前景的热塑性树脂基复合材料,调研并分析了国外飞行试验获得的数据,从原子氧反应率、力学性能退化、微裂纹等多个方面分析研究了原子氧环境对热塑性树脂基复合材料作用效应,为空间站等低轨道航天器结构材料的设计和选择提供依据。     

基于热爆炸理论的煤燃点确定及动力学分析

为准确判断煤燃点,提高煤自燃灾害防治能力,依据热爆炸理论,结合煤自燃过程放热曲线,将煤自燃升温过程中微分热流曲线上第1处极小值点作为煤的燃点,计算煤着火前后放热过程动力学参数变化.结果表明:随升温速率增加,煤自燃反应放热过程逐渐向高温区域移动,煤燃点逐渐增大,反应的活化能逐渐减小;同一升温速率下燃点之后煤的活化能增大;...     

Characteristics of atmospheric single particles during haze periods in a typical urban area of Beijing: A case study in October, 2014

To investigate the composition and possible sources of particles, especially during heavy haze pollution, a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS) was deployed to measure the changes of single particle species and sizes during October of 2014, in Beijing. A total of 2,871,431 particles with both positive and negative spectra were collected and characterized in combination with the adaptive resonance theory neural network algorithm (ART-2a). Eight types of particles were classified: dust particles (dust, 8.1%), elemental carbon (EC, 29.0%), organic carbon (OC, 18.0%), EC and OC combined particles (ECOC, 9.5%), Na-K containing particles (NaK, 7.9%), K-containing particles (K, 21.8%), organic nitrogen and potassium containing particles (KCN, 2.3%), and metal-containing particles (metal, 3.6%). Three haze pollution events (P1, P2, P3) and one clean period (clean) were analyzed, based on the mass and number concentration of PM_2.5 and the back trajectory results from the hybrid single particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory model (Hysplit-4 model). Results showed that EC, OC and K were the major components of single particles during the three haze pollution periods, which showed clearly increased ratios compared with those in the clean period. Results from the mixing state of secondary species of different types of particles showed that sulfate and nitrate were more readily mixed with carbon-containing particles during haze pollution episodes than in clean periods.     

基于保护地下水的土壤修复目标层次化制订方法

按照复杂程度将污染物从土壤经地下水迁移到下游饮水井的过程划分为3个层次,采用分层评估框架建立了基于保护地下水的土壤修复目标的制订方法,并利用该方法确定了某污染场地的土壤修复目标值. 结果表明,在污染场地下游200 m处的饮水井内水质标准不降低的前提下,随着评价层次的不断提高,需要修复的污染物由4种(苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯)减至1种(苯),待修复土方量由23.1×104 m3降至4.7×104 m3,可极大地节约修复成本. 该场地污染土壤的第一层次和第二层次修复目标值与部分国家/地区的有关标准限值较为一致;第三层次修复目标值考虑的污染物迁移过程更加完整,更能反映场地的实际情况. 参数的敏感性分析表明,对土壤修复目标值计算结果影响最大的参数为土壤有机质质量分数、土壤有机碳-水分配系数和入渗速度. 在确定修复方案时,应该通过试验或补充调查获取这些参数,以降低结果的不确定性. 研究显示,将第三层次评估结果作为该污染场地的修复目标能充分保证下游饮水井内水质满足要求,并且可以避免过度修复.      

河北省近岸海域赤潮灾害特征分析

对河北省近岸海域1989~2014年间发生的赤潮灾害进行综合分析,结果表明:全省赤潮灾害发生的频次及累计面积呈现上升趋势;每年的5~10月是赤潮灾害的发生期,其中5~6月是赤潮频发期;秦皇岛市、黄骅市附近海域是河北省赤潮灾害的多发海域,也是深受赤潮灾害危害较为严重的海域;甲藻门引发赤潮灾害的比例较大,尤其夜光藻引发的赤潮灾害的次数最多;有毒赤潮生物种较多,达12种;新的赤潮生物种抑食金球藻引发的赤潮灾害扩散快,影响面积大,持续时间长。建议采取有效措施,严格控制陆源污染物超标排放;加强海水养殖业的科学管理,控制养殖废水的排放;加大对抑食金球藻引发赤潮的机理、快速检测与识别方法的研究,减少或避免赤潮灾害的发生。     

异龙湖湿地功能可持续性评价及PSR模型时滞性研究

基于压力-状态-响应(PSR)框架模型理念,构建了异龙湖湿地生态系统功能可持续性评价的指标体系;同时,基于生态系统健康原理和模糊数学提出了湿地生态系统退化及其可持续性评价方法,研究了20世纪50年代至今异龙湖湿地生态系统功能可持续性变化的过程,包括压力、状态、响应和可持续能力4个方面,并使用偏相关分析和时间平移的方法修正了PSR模型的滞后性.研究结果表明:20世纪50年代至今,异龙湖湿地生态系统的功能可持续能力不断下降,目前逐渐趋于平缓;异龙湖湿地生态系统功能的变化滞后于压力约1～5a,滞后于响应约1～15a.     

云南澜沧江流域土地利用及其变化对景观生态风险的影响

利用GIS的空间分析功能,对云南澜沧江流域1980年、1992年和2000年3期TM遥感影像解译的土地利用解译数据进行图层代数运算,定量分析了土地利用变化及各种土地利用方式的相互转化关系;在土地利用变化的基础上,以景观干扰指数和土地利用类型的敏感度指数为评价指标,分析了不同研究时段内不同空间范围的景观生态风险变化情况.研究结果表明,自1992年以来该流域牛态环境受人类活动干扰增强,耕地、林地、草地三者之间相互转化频率较高;土地利用结构的变化已导致景观生态风险指数发生显著时空差异,中级以上的生态风险主要分布于该流域的中下游,分布范围呈东南向西北方向扩展,风险较高的地区增加幅度较大.受地形、地貌的影响,该区域的景观生态风险各向异性较显著,自相关范围在7.5km之内.澜沧江流域景观生态风险有扩大的趋势,应加强中级以上景观生态风险区域的生态保护与建设,以实现澜沧江流域的生态环境与社会经济的可持续发展.     

长江口沉积物中正构烷烃的分布特征及其环境指示意义

对长江口 4个柱状岩芯沉积物中的正构烷烃进行了分析研究.结果显示,这4个岩芯中的正构烷烃分别来源于不同的物源输入.来源于不同种类陆源输入的正构烷烃的比值反映了长江流域呈现出寒、暖期交替出现的气候条件,且主要以暖湿气候为主.长江口4个岩芯沉积物中的长链正构烷烃没有经过明显的成岩演化,而短链正构烷烃较低的CPI值则更多的归因于其主要来源于化石燃科的不完全燃烧产物.     

矿业污染土壤中还原态硫的测定方法探讨

铬粉还原法(SCr)常用于酸性硫酸盐土和河流底泥中还原态硫的测定,其能否应用于矿业污染土壤中还原态硫的测定还有待检验.选取矿渣污染土壤和未污染土壤,添加不同浓度的黄铁矿培养15 d后采用SCr法测定其消化时间和土壤预处理方法的回收率.研究表明:SCr法可应用于矿业酸化土壤中还原态硫的测定,消化时间达到20 min时,不同含硫浓度的处理中还原态硫回收率在95%-105%之间.说明消化20 min即可满足SCr法测定还原态硫的要求.不同预处理方法的比较表明:采用80℃快速风干处理和真空冷冻干燥处理,土壤样品的还原态硫回收率均能达到满意的要求,而采用传统的自然风干处理会使土壤还原态硫的测定结果偏低.因此,测定矿山污染土壤的还原态硫时,可以采用真空冷冻干燥处理或80℃快速风干处理.消化时间为20 min即可.     

Regional assessment of cadmium pollution in agricultural lands and the potential health risk related to intensive mining activities： A case study in Chenzhou City, China

The purpose of this study was to assess the extent of cadmium （Cd） contamination in agricultural soil and its potential risk for people. Soils, rice, and vegetables from Chenzhou City, Southern China were sampled and analyzed. In the surface soils, the 95% confidence interval for the mean concentration of Cd varied between 2.72 and 4.83 mg/kg （P 〈 0.05） in the survey, with a geometric mean concentration of 1.45 mg/kg. Based on the GIS map, two hot spot areas of Cd in agricultural soils with high Cd concentrations were identified to be located around the Shizhuyuan, Jinshiling, and Yaogangxian mines, and the Baoshan and Huangshaping mines, in the center of the city. About 60% of the total investigated area, where the agricultural soil Cd concentration is above 1 mg/kg, is distributed in a central belt across the region. The critical distances, at which the soil Cd concentration were increased by the mining activities, from the mines of the soils were 23 km for the Baoshan mine, 46 km for the Huangshaping mine, and 63 km for the Shizhuyuan mine, respectively. These are distances calculated from models. The Cd concentrations in rice samples ranged from 0.01 to 4.43 mg/kg and the mean dietary Cd intake from rice for an adult was 191 μg/d. Results of risk indexes showed that soil Cd concentrations possessed risks to local residents whose intake of Cd from rice and vegetables grown in soils in the vicinity of the mine was 596 μg/d.