从内蒙古自治区农村牧区居民环境教育试点项目探索农村牧区环境教育的方法

本文通过选定对内蒙古自治区农村牧区具有典型代表性的试验对象 ,全方位开展全民性环保意识的普及教育 ,已在试验区内收到显著的效果 ,从而对进行农村牧区居民环境教育的方式方法进行了有益的探索 ,对全国少数民族、边远地区环境教育工作也具有示范效益     

微电解法处理阴离子表面活性剂废水的研究

利用微电解反应器对阴离子表面活性剂（ＬＡＳ）溶液、洗浴废水和采油废水进行了实验研究，考察了电压、停留时间、ｐＨ值和电导率对处理效果的影响，并对处理机理进行了初步探讨。实验表明：ＬＡＳ废水的最佳处理电压在２０Ｖ以下，停留时间６０～９０ｍｉｎ，ＣＯＤｃｒ、ＬＡＳ的去除率在６５％以上，处理电耗受原水电导率影响很大。     

藻类急性毒性监测中参比毒物的研究

依据藻类生命力强、繁殖快、对环境条件变化反应敏感的特点,在污染源废水监测中日益受到重视,但其质量保证体系还不完善,而参比毒物是生物毒性监测采取的重要质量保证措施,控制毒性监测数据的可信程度,使毒性监测数据实验室间相容可比.通过二氯化汞、叠氮化钠、砷、重铬酸钾、硫酸镉、硝酸铅、敌百虫、乐果8种毒物对斜生栅藻的生长影响(细胞数、光密度)试验研究,确定HgCl2、NaN3、CdSO4都可以作为藻类阳性参比毒物,废水毒性监测结果可采用藻类生长阻碍率和相当于硫酸隔浓度值表示.     

Dynamic fate modeling of γ-hexachlorocyclohexane in the lower reaches of the Liao River

A QWASI model dependent on temperature is parameterized to describe the long-term fate of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Liao River. The model parameters, namely fugacity capacity, degradation rate, and transfer coefficient, are profoundly affected by temperature. This model is used to simulate the fate of γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH) in the lower reaches of the Liao River from 1998 to 2008. Modeling results show that γ-HCH fugacity capacities in air, water, and sediment increase as temperature decreases, and the transfer and transformation rate coefficients increase as temperature increases. The variations of transfer and transformation parameter D values depend on fugacity capacities, and transfer and transformation coefficients simultaneously. The performance of the model is evaluated by comparing the predicted and observed concentrations in the water and sediment of the Liao River. The predicted values agree well with the observed value in the order of magnitude, in most cases within the factor of 3. It is believed that the model is appropriate for simulating the long term fate of POPs in the Liao River.     

Bioaccumulation and elimination of avermectin B1a in the earthworms (Eisenia fetida)

The acute toxicity, bioaccumulation, and elimination of avermectin B1a (AVM B1a) in earthworm (Eisenia fetida) were investigated in different exposure systems. The LC50 of AVM B1a on earthworms were 24.1 mg/kg and 17.1 mg/kg, respectively, for 7 and 14 days in artificial soil. The LC50 tested by the filter paper for 2 days was 4.63 microg/cm2. The earthworms were cultivated in artificial soil containing 0.6 mg/kg and 3.0 mg/kg AVM B1a, respectively for bioaccumulation experiments. The AVM B1a residues in earthworms were determined with HPLC-fluorescence method. The results showed that AVM B1a was taken up from the concentrated artificial soil by the earthworms and the steady-state levels were reached after 9-18 days of exposure. On the 18th day, the final concentrations of AVM B1a in the earthworms treated with two different dosages were 107 ng/g and 165 ng/g, respectively; there were not significantly accumulation. About 80.0% and 94.8% of the accumulated AVM B1a were eliminated respectively in two groups within 1 day after they were exposed to AVM B1a-free soil, but a trace amount of AVM B1a was found for a relative long time in earthworms.     

地表水水质模型综合评价技术体系研究

水环境数学模型开发及应用的不规范会严重影响水环境管理决策的有效性和科学性.为了更好地发挥模型的职能,减少因采用的模型差异而造成差别管理等不公平因素,应当建立科学的模型筛选制度和评价体系.基于模型开发及应用的生命周期全过程,在文献调研和专家咨询基础上,提出了包含目标层、准则层和指标层的地表水水质模型综合评价指标和评价方法,其中指标层包括通用性、可靠性、友好性、先进性和易用性5个准则的29个指标.采用层次分析法和专家打分法确定指标值及指标权重,并以国内外常用的水质模型,即HEC-RAS、MIKE11、CE-QUAL-W2、WASP、EFDC和Delft3D模型为例,进行了水质模型的综合评价.案例应用的模型评价得分高低的排序依次为Delft3D、EFDC、CE-QUAL-W2、MIKE11、WASP和HEC-RAS模型,结果表明建立的水质模型综合评价技术体系科学、可靠、易用,可为我国水环境数学模型的规范化建设提供重要参考.      

南昌市PM2.5中铵盐及其气态前体物的分布特征与转化机制

在南昌市三种类型环境区域(混合区、道路区域以及郊区)开展PM_(2.5)中NH_4~+和空气中NH_3的同步采样监测,分析PM_(2.5)中铵盐及其气态前体物的分布特征,探讨氨气的转化与细粒子铵盐的形成机制,结果显示:2014-2015年采样期间南昌不同区域空气中NH_3浓度和PM_(2.5)中NH_4~+浓度较高;NH_3浓度存在空间分布差异,反映了不同环境区域NH_3源强的差异;NH_4~+浓度的空间分布表现为道路区域、郊区高于混合区,源于道路区域和郊区的气态前体物浓度高;NH_3/NH_4~+比值郊区道路区混合区,反映NH_4~+的形成受前体物(SO_2、NO_x)影响大;NH_3浓度春秋冬夏,说明NH_3源强受各季气象条件的影响大;NH_4~+浓度呈现秋冬高、春夏低的特征,反映不同季节的气象条件对铵盐的生成、清除和分解的影响不同;然而,NH_3/NH_4~+比值春夏秋冬,NH_3/NH_4~+比值季节分布与NH_4~+浓度季节分布呈相反的趋势;NH_3浓度昼、夜分布有差异,受昼夜间温差、太阳辐射、源强、逆温等多种因素的影响;NH_4~+浓度日变化各季节有差异;NH_3/NH_4~+比值日分布与NH_3浓度日分布相似;不同季节PM_(2.5)中铵盐形成的受控因素有差异,主要影响因素是气态前体物和温度、湿度;NH_4~+/SO_4~(2-)的比值(1.5),表明铵盐充足;铵盐形式主要为硫酸铵、硝酸铵,硫酸氢铵较少。     

铊污染地下水的微生物修复研究

铊(Tl)是一种高毒性的重金属,具有生物蓄积性,自然界中常以Tl(I)形式存在。铊通过各种途径进入水体、土壤和沉积物等,会对环境造成严重的危害。本研究利用好氧微生物处理技术对铊污染地下水进行了修复研究。以乙酸钠为碳源,初始Tl(I)浓度为100μg/L,周期为6 d时,总铊去除率达到了63.50%。总铊去除率随着pH的升高先升高后降低,随着初始Tl(I)浓度的升高而降低。16S rRNA基因测序分析表明了铊抗性或铊氧化细菌的存在,如Stenotrophomonas、Acidovorax、Rhodococcus等,这些细菌的共同作用实现了铊的氧化与原位沉淀。本研究为铊污染地下水的微生物修复提供了理论基础,也为微生物技术修复其他重金属污染地下水提供了新的思路。