Preparation of hydrophobic hierarchical pore carbon–silica composite and its adsorption performance toward volatile organic compounds

Carbon–silica materials with hierarchical pores consisting of micropores and mesopores were prepared by introducing nanocarbon microspheres derived from biomass sugar into silica gel channels in a hydrothermal environment.The physicochemical properties of the materials were characterized by nitrogen physical adsorption(BET),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and thermogravimetric(TG),and the adsorption properties of various organic waste gases were investigated.The results showed that microporous carbon materials were introduced successfully into the silica gel channels,thus showing the high adsorption capacity of activated carbon in high humidity organic waste gas,and the high stability and mechanical strength of the silica gel.The dynamic adsorption behavior confirmed that the carbon–silica material had excellent adsorption capacity for different volatile organic compounds(VOCs).Furthermore,the carbon–silica material exhibited excellent desorption characteristics:adsorbed toluene was completely desorbed at 150℃,thereby showing superior regeneration characteristics.Both features were attributed to the formation of hierarchical pores.     

Identification of potential electrotrophic microbial community in paddy soils by enrichment of microbial electrolysis cell biocathodes

Electrotrophs are microbes that can receive electrons directly from cathode in a microbial electrolysis cell (MEC). They not only participate in organic biosynthesis, but also be crucial in cathode-based bioremediation. However, little is known about the electrotrophic community in paddy soils. Here, the putative electrotrophs were enriched by cathodes of MECs constructed from five paddy soils with various properties using bicarbonate as an electron acceptor, and identified by 16S rRNA-gene based Illumina sequencing. The electrons were gradually consumed on the cathodes, and 25%–45% of which were recovered to reduce bicarbonate to acetic acid during MEC operation. Firmicutes was the dominant bacterial phylum on the cathodes, and Bacillus genus within this phylum was greatly enriched and was the most abundant population among the detected putative electrotrophs for almost all soils. Furthermore, several other members of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria may also participate in electrotrophic process in different soils. Soil pH, amorphous iron and electrical conductivity significantly influenced the putative electrotrophic bacterial community, which explained about 33.5% of the community structural variation. This study provides a basis for understanding the microbial diversity of putative electrotrophs in paddy soils, and highlights the importance of soil properties in shaping the community of putative electrotrophs.     

Density functional theory (DFT) studies of vanadium-titanium based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts

Based on density functional theory (DFT) and basic structure models, the chemical reactions on the surface of vanadium-titanium based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) denitrification catalysts were summarized. Reasonable structural models (non-periodic and periodic structural models) are the basis of density functional calculations. A periodic structure model was more appropriate to represent the catalyst surface, and its theoretical calculation results were more comparable with the experimental results than a non-periodic model. It is generally believed that the SCR mechanism where NH₃ and NO react to produce N₂ and H₂O follows an Eley-Rideal type mechanism. NH₂NO was found to be an important intermediate in the SCR reaction, with multiple production routes. Simultaneously, the effects of H₂O, SO₂ and metal on SCR catalysts were also summarized.     

Coupling mechanism of activated carbon mixed with dust for flue gas desulfurization and denitrification

To clarify the effect of coking dust, sintering dust and fly ash on the activity of activated carbon for various industrial flue gas desulfurization and denitrification, the coupling mechanism of the mixed activated carbon and dust was investigated to provide theoretical reference for the stable operation. The results show that coking dust had 34% desulfurization efficiency and 10% denitrification efficiency; correspondingly, sintering dust and fly ash had no obvious desulfurization and denitrification activities. For the mixture of activated carbon and dust, the coking dust reduced the desulfurization and denitrification efficiencies by blocking the pores of activated carbon, and its inhibiting effect on activated carbon was larger than its own desulfurization and denitrification activity. The sintering dust also reduced the desulfurization efficiency on the activated carbon while enhancing the denitrification efficiency. Fly ash blocked the pores of activated carbon and reduced its reaction activity. The reaction activity of coking dust mainly came from the surface functional groups, similar to that of activated carbon. The reaction activity of sintering dust mainly came from the oxidative property of Fe₂O₃, which oxidized NO to NO₂ and promoted the fast selectively catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO to form N₂. Sintering dust was activated by the joint action of activated carbon, and both had a coupling function. Sintering dust enhanced the adsorption and oxidation of NO, and activated carbon further promoted the reduction of NO_x by NH₃; thus, the denitrification efficiency increased by 5%-7% on the activated carbon.     

我国海洋产业用海空间资源使用现状研究

提高海洋空间资源利用经济效率是建设海洋强国的重要举措。文章提出海洋产业用海分类体系,构建产业用海结构多样化指数、经济产值和经济效率数学模型,分析我国海洋产业用海空间资源使用现状,得出以下结论:（1）我国海洋产业以渔业、交通运输业、工程建筑业等传统海洋产业为主,且在空间上呈集中分布;（2）我国海洋产业用海结构多样化指数整体偏低,海洋空间资源使用经济产值省际差异明显;（3）海洋空间资源使用经济效率与多样化指数基本上呈正相关。     

大气污染特征研究及臭氧污染个例分析——以深圳市龙华区为例

根据深圳市龙华区观澜子站空气质量监测数据,对龙华区近年来空气质量状况、主要大气污染物浓度时间变化特征、气象条件和污染物浓度相关性,以及典型臭氧(O_3)污染过程进行了分析。结果表明龙华区空气质量以优良为主,空气质量指数(AQI)超标日中,O_3浓度超标天数最多,其次依次是PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和二氧化氮(NO_2)。PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和NO_2在秋冬季的浓度最高,春季次之,夏季最低;而O_3浓度则在夏秋季最高,春季次之,冬季最低。除O_3(日间浓度高于夜间浓度)以外,PM_(2.5)、PM10和NO_2晚间浓度高于日间浓度。此外,相关性研究表明,颗粒物污染以细颗粒物为主,O_3(8 h)和NO_2与颗粒物浓度均呈正相关性。由于地域差异的存在,O_3(8 h)和颗粒物浓度的相关性在不同地域表现也不同。同时,大气污染物浓度与气象条件和人为排放源的相关性较高。     

大气自净能力指数的气候特征与应用研究

为了定量地评估污染气象条件对空气污染的作用并实现对空气污染潜势的预报,本文在城市大气污染数值预报系统（CAPPS）预报原理的基础上,定义了大气自净能力指数,并分别给出了采用气象站观测资料和通过数值模拟计算大气自净能力指数的方法.基于气象站观测资料的全国大气自净能力指数分析计算表明,全国大气自净能力最差的地区分布在四川盆地和新疆塔里木盆地,大气自净能力最强的地区分布在青藏高原、蒙古高原、云贵高原、以及东北平原和三江平原、山东半岛和海南岛;1961~2017年,京津冀、长三角和珠三角地区的大气自净能力指数呈下降的变化趋势,全年低自净能力日数呈上升的变化趋势.采用大气自净能力指数评估2014年北京APEC会议期间大气污染防控效果,表明在11月8~10日极端不利扩散气象条件发生时,减排措施使北京市空气质量AQI平均降低77%,使京津冀平原地区11个城市的空气质量AQI平均降低37%.基于国家气候中心月动力延伸气候预测模式（DERF2.0）的预报产品和中尺度模式（WRF）,建立了可以预测全国未来40d逐日大气自净能力指数的延伸期-月尺度大气污染潜势预测系统,回报实验表明,在大多数情况下可以提前15d预报出大气重污染过程;月尺度的大气重污染过程预报效果更大程度上取决于月动力延伸气候预测模式（DERF2.0）的预报准确率.     

基于视觉传达自然环境艺术设计研究

自然环境艺术是必行之路,而自然环境艺术最直接的体现就是自然园林的建设,身处在自然生态环境中,可以让人感到放松,缓解疲乏,在心理上给人一种慰藉。但是大多数自然园林的设计并不能百分百还原生态自然景观,会存在一定的矛盾,人为痕迹过重,视觉传达效果大打折扣。以自然环境艺术的代表——自然生态园林为例,从视觉传达角度,进行自然生态园林设计,并利用SD评估方法对自然生态园林设计效果进行分析,结果表明:基于视觉传达设计自然生态园林,视觉效果得到极大提高,会给人带来视觉愉悦感。     

等离子体处理的时效性对芳Ⅲ/双马复合材料耐湿热性能的影响

目的考察等离子体处理前后及其时效性对芳Ⅲ/双马复合材料弯曲强度、界面性能及耐湿热性能的影响。方法用低温射频耦合等离子体处理芳纶纤维表面,分别将未处理的、等离子体刚处理过的和等离子体处理后在空气中放置三天后的纤维通过溶液预浸渍工艺制备芳Ⅲ/双马复合材料预浸料,再经过高温模压成形技术制备芳Ⅲ/双马复合材料单向板。采用万能材料试验机对水煮前后复合材料的弯曲强度和层间剪切强度进行测试,利用扫描电子显微镜对复合材料层间剪切破坏形貌进行观察。结果等离子体处理后,复合材料的吸水率由未处理时的0.51%下降到0.33%,复合材料层间剪切强度由49.4 MPa提高到62.9 MPa。等离子体处理时效后复合材料的吸水率增加到0.69%,复合材料的层间剪切强度下降到56.0 MPa。结论等离子体处理提高了复合材料界面性能,但等离子体处理的时效后,复合材料的界面性能及其耐湿热性能有所下降。等离子体处理及时效性对复合材料的弯曲强度和耐湿热性能变化不大。     

River water quality and pollution sources in the Pearl River Delta, China

Some physicochemical parameters were determined for thirty field water samples collected from different water channels in the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone river system. The analytical results were compared with the environmental quality standards for surface water. Using the SPSS software, statistical analyses were performed to determine the main pollutants of the river water. The main purpose of the present research is to investigate the river water quality and to determine the main pollutants and pollution sources. Furthermore, the research provides some approaches for protecting and improving river water quality. The results indicate that the predominant pollutants are ammonium, phosphorus, and organic compounds. The wastewater discharged from households in urban and rural areas, industrial facilities, and non-point sources from agricultural areas are the main sources of pollution in river water in the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone.