水中阿特拉津测定的干扰消除研究

建立了使用硅胶净化小柱净化、氮磷检测器检测水中阿特拉津的方法。结果表明,经过硅胶柱净化后的生活污水,基本消除基质干扰。采用具有氮磷检测器的气相色谱仪检测阿特拉津,其质量浓度在0.10～2.0 mg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数R2=0.999,方法检出限为0.2μg/L,测定下限为0.8μg/L。空白样品加标回收率为90.0%～93.5%,实际样品加标回收率为88.5%～90.3%,相对标准偏差均10%。该方法简单、快速、准确,可以消除阿特拉津测试中基质和同系物的干扰。     

Continental‐Scale River Flow Modeling of the Mississippi River Basin Using High‐Resolution NHDPlus Dataset

As a key component of the National Flood Interoperability Experiment (NFIE), this article presents the continental scale river flow modeling of the Mississippi River Basin (MRB), using high‐resolution river data from NHDPlus. The Routing Application for Parallel computatIon of Discharge (RAPID) was applied to the MRB with more than 1.2 million river reaches for a 10‐year study (2005‐2014). Runoff data from the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model was used as input to RAPID. This article investigates the effect of topography on RAPID performance, the differences between the VIC‐RAPID streamflow simulations in the HUC‐2 regions of the MRB, and the impact of major dams on the streamflow simulations. The model performance improved when initial parameter values, especially the Muskingum K parameter, were estimated by taking topography into account. The statistical summary indicates the RAPID model performs better in the Ohio and Tennessee Regions and the Upper and Lower Mississippi River Regions in comparison to the western part of the MRB, due to the better performance of the VIC model. The model accuracy also increases when lakes and reservoirs are considered in the modeling framework. In general, results show the VIC‐RAPID streamflow simulation is satisfactory at the continental scale of the MRB.     

某化工企业厂界内及周边土壤中二噁英健康风险评估

在某化工企业厂界内及周边布设9个土壤点位,对其二噁英进行检测与分析,依据《污染场地风险评估技术导则》对土壤中二噁英进行健康风险评估。结果表明,9个土壤点位二噁英毒性当量浓度为3.72~20.3 pg/g,均值为9.1 pg/g,均处于安全水平;在经口摄入、皮肤接触和吸入土壤颗粒物3种暴露途径下,只有4#点位具有较低的致癌风险;4#点位代表的场地区域为风险不可接受的污染区域,基于致癌效应的土壤风险控制值为1.84×10-5mg/kg。提出,应尽快研究并制定土壤中二噁英的标准限值。     

水质监测中存在的若干技术问题

在全国持证上岗、计量认证、实验室现场考核和《亚洲地区实验室精度管理手册》编制过程及监测质量调查的基础上,发现我国部分环境监测站在水质监测的实际操作、试样前处理、监测分析方法选择及数据分析等方面尚存在一些技术问题。在分析这些问题的同时,提出了解决办法和完善我国质量保证指标体系的建议。     

风险排序及其在环境风险管控中的应用

从风险排序的概念及应用需求出发,系统阐述了风险排序在当前风险管理特别是环境风险管控领域中的意义。指出风险排序是对风险定义在管理实践层面的应用深化。从风险排序影响因子的类别划分、来源构成、演化趋势以及排序方法的发展规律和优劣特征等角度进行系统综述,指出目前风险排序影响因子的界定及选取已呈现由风险理论限定过渡至突出服务风险管理为导向;风险排序方法学也逐步由单一方法排序过渡至多元方法互补排序的新阶段,逐步实现对风险排序结果的综合考量和准确度量。在此基础上,对风险排序方法在环境领域的实证研究进行归纳分析。总结指出了当前风险排序研究多以结果的量化表征为焦点,而其排序方法及配套排序指标选取的适用性、综合性及代表性检验仍需进一步研究分析,尤其是对排序机理、风险理论及风险管控需求间内在相互关系的系统解析将是未来实现风险排序客观全面提升的重要基础及意义所在。     

镉污染对水稻不同生育期生长和品质的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了在CK、5、10和20 mg·kg-1 4个不同镉处理浓度下,水稻生长发育农艺指标和部分品质指标的变化,同时分析了不同生育期水稻根系活力和伤流液中镉含量的变化规律.结果表明,淹水条件下,镉对水稻产生生育障碍的浓度比较高.土镉20.84 mg-kg-1时,水稻的经济产量减产超过10%,同时,糙米中直链淀粉的含量也显著增加.当土壤镉含量为4.48 mg·kg-1时,糙米中镉含量显著增加而蛋白质含量显著减少.在水稻不同的生长发育期,根系活力与伤流液中镉的含量表现出相同的变化趋势.伤流液中镉在营养生长阶段吸收最大,且与土壤中的镉呈线性关系.     

黄山风景区第四纪冰川遗迹的景观特征与保护措施

黄山是我国著名的风景名胜区及世界重要的人类自然和文化遗产,具有观赏游览、科学研究及文化艺术活动等功能。为了实现旅游经济与生态环境的协调和可持续发展,提出了在黄山风景区内划分特殊自然及人文景观保护小区的观点,并划出第四纪冰川遗迹、花岗岩石林地貌、泥炭藓沼泽、松林及温泉等景观生态保护小区。主要探讨黄山风景区第四纪冰川遗迹景观生态保护小区的分布、特征及保护措施。     

城市景观生态价值的边际效用分析法

本文从城市景观价值量的测定出发,引入经济学的效用和边际效用概念．提出城市景观价值量边际效用分析法,在理想状态下,以城市景观结构边际效用递减率为依据。通过面积-效益损益比,揭示城市景观经济效益与环境效益之间的内在联系．结果表明：在城市自然景观面积按比例递减的条件下,不但使环境效益损失趋于无穷大,而且使增加人工景观面积带来的城市经济效益锐减。     

肝素提取废水的GC-MS分析和处理研究

肝素钠废水含有高浓度无机盐和大量有机污染物,对环境具有潜在的毒性且难以处理,已经受到环境工作者的关注。为了了解废水的主要成分和处理此类废水,本实验用GC-MS对废水进行了分析,并且利用芬顿试剂对其进行了处理,结果发现废水中有机物有26种,其中脂肪酸和芳香衍生物占有较大比例,处理后,有机成分只有3种;讨论了影响处理效果的因素和最佳的工艺条件,发现当pH 值为6.66,硫酸亚铁和过氧化氢的量分别为2.5 g/L和2.8‰ (v/v),搅拌速度为2 000 r/min, 搅拌时间为15 min时,COD的去除率可达到94.50%。     

A GIS Framework for Regional Modeling of Riverine Nitrogen Transport: Case Study,San Antonio and Guadalupe Basins

This article presents a framework for integrating a regional geographic information system (GIS)‐based nitrogen dataset (Texas Anthropogenic Nitrogen Dataset, TX‐ANB) and a GIS‐based river routing model (Routing Application for Parallel computation of Discharge) to simulate steady‐state riverine total nitrogen (TN) transport in river networks containing thousands of reaches. A two‐year case study was conducted in the San Antonio and Guadalupe basins during dry and wet years (2008 and 2009, respectively). This article investigates TN export in urbanized (San Antonio) vs. rural (Guadalupe) drainage basins and considers the effect of reservoirs on TN transport. Simulated TN export values are within 10 percent of measured export values for selected stations in 2008 and 2009. Results show that in both years the San Antonio basin contributed a larger quantity than the Guadalupe basin of delivered TN to the coastal ocean. The San Antonio basin is affected by urban activities including point sources, associated with the city of San Antonio, in addition to greater agricultural activities. The Guadalupe basin lacks major metropolitan areas and is dominated by rangeland, rather than fertilized agricultural fields. Both basins delivered more TN to coastal waters in 2009 than in 2008. Furthermore, TN removal in the San Antonio and Guadalupe basins is inversely related to stream orders: the higher the order the more TN delivery (or the less TN removal).