The spillover effect of fiscal environmental protection spending on residents’ medical and healthcare expenditure: evidence from China

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - The Chinese government has not only been increasing investments in environmental protection, improving the quality of the ecological environment, but has...     

Eastern North American transport climatology during high- and low-ozone days

A synoptic scale transport climatology during days with high and low ozone concentrations was established for five summers from 1991 to 1995 over eastern North America. The airmass transport patterns were estimated from source impact regions derived from forward airmass histories. Daily maximum ozone concentrations were used to define locally and regionally high- (90th percentile) and low- (10th percentile) ozone days. Examination of transport during locally high-ozone days revealed that there is poor transport in the central part of the domain, i.e. from Tennessee to northern Indiana, and in the South from Texas to South Carolina due to stagnating or recirculating air masses. However, high ozone concentrations over the western and northern sections of the domain occurred during strong and persistent southerly and westerly winds, respectively. In addition, on average, high ozone concentration surrounding the central part of the domain were associated with transport from this region. These results support the notion that ozone exceedances in the central and Southeastern US are predominately “homegrown” while the western and northern section of the domain are also influenced by regional transport. In contrast, on low-ozone days, the transport was predominantly from outside (e.g., Canada and the Gulf of Mexico) into the Eastern US. The transport conditions during regionally high-ozone days were characterized by slow meandering transport over Kentucky, Tennessee, and West Virginia, with a strong clockwise transport around this region of stagnation.     

CytoSol – Cleaning Oiled Shorelines with a Vegetable Oil Biosolvent

A cleanup process has been developed to aid in the removal of crude or fuel oil from shorelines using CytoSol “biosolvent” formulation based on vegetable oil methyl esters in combination with bioremediation enhancers. The CytoSol biosolvent dissolves and floats the oil, the oil/biosolvent mixture is rinsed off with ambient temperature water for collection as a consolidated layer with skimmers. The collected oil mixture can be recycled as a burner fuel. Nutrient enhancers in the formulation then stimulate the natural biodegradation of the remaining residual hydrocarbons. This new approach minimizes physical and chemical impacts to marine organisms, cleans oiled surfaces effectively, and allows the oiled ecosystem to recover with less mortality than conventional methods involving hot water, detergents or other chemical cleaners. CytoSol is ideally suited for port facilities and waterfronts dealing with occasional small oil spills and has undergone extensive laboratory testing for the US EPA. In 1997, the CytoSol biosolvent was licensed in the state of California as a shoreline cleaner and set up for commercial distribution.CytoSol biosolvent can extract heavy petroleum (crude, fuel oils) off shoreline habitats, mussel-encrusted breakwaters or pilings, and estuary vegetation. The viscosity of the product tends to limit the penetration of the CytoSol/oil mixture into sand and gravel beaches, allowing more of the dissolved oil to be removed from the shoreline by washing. The product has a low specific gravity (0.87), tends to consolidate oil, and is practically immiscible with water, so it facilitates the recovery of spilled oil with conventional skimming and absorbent boom technologies. Since it is non-volatile and non-flammable, there is little danger of explosion or fire when spraying it inside confined spaces.     

火灾演化、整体火安全和火灾蔓延

本在介绍了自然火灾演化过程及关荷载如何确定后,对建筑整体火安全概念进行了讨论,包括火灾时居民和消防人员的安全性、自然抗火时间、结构火安全设计和财产损失。对结构破坏后的火蔓延计算及标准热荷载的应用也进行了讨论和介绍。     

真空条件下高分辩质谱对不同煤质热解释放CO2分析

煤的热解机理和热解物质的形成与释放特征是煤田火灾研究领域的重要基础问题.本文以淮北不同煤种(烟煤,无烟煤,天然焦)为研究对象,在高真空条件下对样品进行热解,利用分子泵即时将热解气体产物抽入高分辨质谱检测器,在线分析热解过程中CO2的释放规律.研究结果表明:天然焦热解过程中产生的CO2,主要是样品和体系中残留以及吸附在煤微孔隙中O2分子反应生成;烟煤和无烟煤热解产生的CO2,主要是其内部含氧官能团在受热过程中分解形成,为不同煤种自燃发火防治提供资料.     

聚苯乙烯泡沫芯材的燃烧特性及其在火灾事故原因调查中的应用

利用热解分析、热电偶束和ISO9705房屋/墙角等实验装置测试了彩钢板中聚苯乙烯泡沫(EPS)芯材的热解特性和水平方向的温度分布及整体板材的燃烧特性,结合某乳液公司冷库火灾事故原因调查,分析评价了EPS泡沫夹芯板的潜在和实际火灾危险性,证实了EPS芯材内部的燃烧和热传播为火灾蔓延的主要原因.     

某地下大型商业建筑防火分隔方案设计和评估

针对某地下大型商业建筑消防设计在防火分隔方面存在的问题,分析几种常用防火分隔方法的适用性,初步设计几种防火分隔替代方案.采用建筑防火性能化设计思想,分析替代方案所应达到的安全目标,利用火灾动力学模拟软件FDS评估这些方案的分隔效果,给出火灾时防火卷帘迎火面和背火面的温度发展曲线.数值模拟结果表明防火分隔方案3能够达到防火墙的分隔效果,满足该建筑的消防安全要求.     

气象激光雷达的城市边界层探测

为了研究城市边界层结构变化特征,2005年7月利用气象激光雷达在南京城区做了城市边界层探测试验,就此次观测试验作了简要叙述并选取部分观测资料为示例,着重对气象激光雷达确定城市边界层高度垂直分布及逐时变化以及地面气象环境对边界层的日变化影响进行了初步分析.结果表明,主要由近地层对流混合形成的城市边界层高度具有典型的日变化特点,早晚比较低,日间有一个从低到高再到低的变化过程.提出了一种由边界层混合状态确定边界层高度的方法.分析结果表明,由气溶胶消光系数确定城市边界层高度比较准确.将MSL探测结果与同步的低空无线电探测仪的温度探测结果进行比较,结果表明,两者获得的实际廓线分布相当吻合,线性良好.就地表温度、辐射、湿度及云等气象要素对边界层垂直分布及时间变化的影响做了分析.结果表明,这些气象要素的分布对城市边界层高度的垂直分布及其逐时变化有明显影响.     

分级燃烧工况下高岭土对煤中微量元素排放的影响研究

通过在一维煤粉燃烧炉上进行肥煤、无烟煤添加高岭土吸附剂的燃烧实验 ,研究了肥煤、无烟煤及其燃烧产物中 18种微量元素的含量和分布 ;计算了高岭土在分级燃烧工况条件下对每种微量元素的吸附率 .结果表明 :高岭土对中、低挥发性微量元素具有不同的吸附作用 ,吸附效率与煤种、元素种类、燃烧温度等因素有关 ,无烟煤燃烧比肥煤燃烧吸附效果更好 .     

巢湖水体可溶态重金属时空分布及污染评价

为了解巢湖水体中可溶态重金属时空分布特征及污染水平,在不同季节对巢湖水体进行了网格化样品采集,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱ICP-OES(ICAP6000 series)测试了水样中可溶态重金属As、Hg、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni和Co的质量浓度,研究了可溶态重金属的时空分布特征,并采用单因子污染指数法和综合污染指数法对巢湖水体环境质量进行了评价.结果表明,巢湖可溶态As、Cd、Pb和Cr符合《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)中Ⅰ类水质标准,Cu和Zn为Ⅰ~Ⅱ类,Hg为Ⅰ~Ⅲ类,Ni和Co质量浓度远低于标准限值;不同元素质量浓度存在明显的时空差异,Cu、Zn和Ni在夏季最高,Pb和Cr在秋季最高,Co在春季最高;西部湖区尤其是西北部湖区元素平均质量浓度在秋季、冬季和夏季高于中部和东部湖区;元素Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr和Ni之间呈显著的正相关,可能具有一定的同源性;元素Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni和Co单因子污染指数和综合污染指数均远小于1,为清洁和无污染水平;全年西湖区综合污染指数最高,各湖区元素综合污染指数丰水期平水期枯水期.