Atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment in China: A review and outlook

Accurate monitoring of the atmospheric environment and its evolution are important for understanding the sources, chemical mechanisms, and transport processes of air pollution and carbon emissions in China, and for regulatory and control purposes. This study gives an overview of atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment in China and summarizes the major achievements obtained in recent years. China has made great progress in the development of atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment with decades of effort. The manufacturing level of atmospheric environment monitoring equipment and the quality of products have steadily improved, and a technical & production system that can meet the requirements of routine monitoring activities has been initiated. It is expected that domestic atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment will be able to meet future demands for routine monitoring activities in China and provide scientific assistance for addressing air pollution problems.     

The influence of melt composition,liquidus temperature and solidus temperature on vapour explosions in melt droplet impingement experiments

For the investigation of vapour explosions, droplet impingement experiments were performed with the binary system Pb–Sn and the pseudo-binary system PbS–Cu₂S. The experiments were performed with a melt at 600 °C (Pb–Sn) or 700 °C (PbS–Cu₂S) and a water bath at ambient temperature and pressure. A hydrophone and a high-speed camera were used to study the interaction and from this data, the explosion probability and intensity were determined.The explosion probability had a single minimum around 70 wt% Sn, close to the eutectic composition. Moreover, the explosion probability increased approximately linearly with changing composition towards the pure melts, and was similar for pure tin and pure lead. On the other hand, the explosion intensity was comparable for tin and the eutectic alloy while clearly lower for lead. Almost all intermediate alloys had a reduced explosion intensity.Based on the variation in composition, the effects of the liquidus or solidus temperature and the liquidus-solidus gap on the explosion behaviour were also investigated. The explosion probability in both systems increased with increasing liquidus temperature. Also, the maximum explosion intensity in the Pb–Sn system increased with increasing liquidus temperature. Both could be related to easier triggering due to (partial) solidification. On the other hand, the explosion intensity was found to decrease with increasing gap between liquidus and solidus temperature, as was also found in literature. No significant trends for the explosion intensity were found for experiments with PbS–Cu₂S.     

渤海和北黄海有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的分布特征和季节变化

采集了2016年的4、8、12月和2017年2月渤海和北黄海表、中、底海水样品,分析了海水中有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的紫外-可见光吸收光谱和三维荧光光谱,探讨了渤海和北黄海海域CDOM的分布特征、影响因素和季节变化.结果表明,不同季节CDOM分布相似,呈近岸高、远海低的分布特征.吸收系数a(355)和光谱斜率S275-295呈显著负相关,说明CDOM受到陆源输入的显著影响.垂直分布上,8月,受强烈的光降解作用影响,表层CDOM含量最低. 2月,底层CDOM含量最低,这可能与受光照影响的初级生产力在水下分布不均匀有关.从2016年4月～2017年2月,CDOM含量先上升后下降,12月含量最高,2月含量最低. CDOM的季节变化主要受陆源输入和浮游植物生物量的季节变化控制.以光谱斜率S275-295表征CDOM的平均分子量,2月由于陆源输入最少,CDOM平均分子量最小.夏季光降解强烈,将部分大分子量有机物降解成小分子量有机物,小分子量有机物增加,因此,8月CDOM的平均分子量小于4月和12月.     

黑碳仪测量气溶胶吸收系数的校正算法和影响因素研究进展

黑碳仪作为常用的吸收系数测量方法之一,广泛应用于气溶胶光吸收特性的实验室和外场观测研究.然而,受测量方法的限制,吸收系数测量的准确性受到颗粒物负载效应,以及滤膜和颗粒物的多重散射效应的影响.本文综述了黑碳仪的测量原理及现有校正算法,探究了其吸收系数测量的影响因素,分析了黑碳气溶胶的混合状态对其吸收系数测量偏差（C_ref’）的影响,探讨了C_ref’与气溶胶单次散射反照率（SSA）的关系以及C_ref’的波长依赖关系,并提出了今后相关研究的建议.     

Study of aerosol characteristics and sources using MAX-DOAS measurement during haze at an urban site in the Fenwei Plain

Atmospheric aerosols have effects on atmospheric radiation assessments, global climate change, local air quality and visibility. In particular, aerosols are more likely transformed and accumulated in winter. In this paper, we used the Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) instrument to study the characteristics of aerosol type and contributions of PM_2.5 chemical components to aerosol extinction (AE), vertical distribution of aerosols, and source. From December 30, 2018 to January 27, 2019, we conducted MAX-DOAS observations on Sanmenxia. The proportion of PM_2.5 to PM₁₀ was 69.48%–95.39%, indicating that the aerosol particles were mainly fine particles. By analyzing the ion data and modifying Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) method, we found that nitrate was the largest contributor to AE, accounting for 31.51%, 28.98%, and 27.95% of AE on heavily polluted, polluted, and clean days, respectively. NH₄⁺, OC, and SO₄^2? were also major contributors to AE. The near-surface aerosol extinction retrieved from MAX-DOAS measurement the PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ concentrations measured by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) have the same trend in vertical distribution. AE increased about 3 times from surface to 500 m. With the backward trajectory of the air mass during the haze, we also found that the continuous heavy pollution was mainly caused by transport of polluted air from the northeast, then followed by local industrial emissions and other sources of emissions under continuous and steady weather conditions.     

复合抛物面聚光器在光电感烟探测器应用研究

基于复合抛物面聚光器的设计原理,提出可应用于点型光电感烟探测器的聚光器设计方法以及装配方式。与现有聚光器相比,研究设计的聚光器能够限制收集散射光线的散射角范围。根据点型光电感烟探测器光学暗室的结构特点,确定聚光器初始模型基本参数,并提出侧面光线入口设计方式以及安装方式,增大聚光器的聚光性能。利用光学仿真软件TracePro对剖切后的聚光器进行光学模拟,研究不同剖切角的聚光器对光线的收集情况,模拟结果表明,选择恰当的剖切方式,可以增大聚光器对入射光线的角度接收范围或空间接收范围,有利于增强探测器的探测性能。     

大型体育馆消防性能化设计中安全疏散时间的分析和研究

《体育建筑设计规范》对体育馆安全疏散时间有明确的要求,对于二级耐火等级的体育馆控制疏散时间定为3min～4min。以此作为某大型体育馆消防性能化设计中安全疏散时间依据,运用人员疏散模拟软件分别对体育馆安全疏散时间进行的分析和比较,探讨了具体案例中如何确定和评估消防性能化设计的安全水平,即消防性能化设计安全水平不应低于处方式安全水平的设计理念。研究结果表明,现行设计宽度可满足疏散要求,充分保证人员的安全疏散。     

分布式光纤测温系统在公路隧道火灾探测中 响应特性研究

随着交通运输的快速发展,公路隧道火灾监测与报警越来越重要。目前分布式光纤测温系统已被广泛应用到隧道火灾的监测中,外界风速和隧道断面对火灾监测有一定的影响。该文通过FDS数值模拟和全尺寸实验模拟不同高度的公路隧道发生火灾时,分布式光纤测温系统的报警响应情况。结果表明：在外界风力作用下,传感器的报警位置发生显著偏移;随着隧道高度的增加,分布式光纤感温火灾探测系统报警响应时间延长,可能会不报警。     

超高层建筑人员电梯辅助疏散及其影响参数研究

针对传统疏散方式很难在短时间内有效地将人员疏散至室外安全区的难题,研究分析了超高层建筑中人员疏散策略以及电梯作为辅助人员疏散方式的可行性。首先,对人员疏散速度进行了研究,对电梯运行特性进行了分析;然后,利用数值模拟的方法,对影响电梯辅助疏散的参数进行研究,以对超高层建筑人员疏散以及疏散电梯的设计提供理论参考。结果表明,电梯与疏散楼梯相结合的疏散方式能够快速地完成高层建筑内部人员疏散。该组合疏散方式中决定总疏散时间的主要因素是疏散人数、电梯运行速度、电梯容纳人数、电梯疏散人员比例。当电梯疏散人数占总体疏散人数的40％时,疏散总时间最短。     

棉花阴燃和明火燃烧特性的对比研究

利用锥形量热仪,选取不同辐射强度,分别在使用和不使用点火器条件下,对棉花进行了热辐射引燃实验,发现在热辐射强度大于6kW/m2的情况下,使用点火器时棉花发生明火燃烧,不使用点火器时棉花发生阴燃燃烧。实验分别测得了在两种燃烧形式下的引燃时间、热释放速率、质量损失速率一氧化碳生成率,结果表明:无论是发生阴燃还是明火燃烧,引燃时间均随着辐射强度的增加而减小,且引燃时间平方根的倒数与辐射强度成线性关系;热释放速率、质量损失速率的峰值和平均值均随辐射强度的增加而增加,但在同一辐射强度下,明火燃烧的峰值和均值均比阴燃燃烧时的大;明火燃烧的一氧化碳平均生成率随着辐射强度的增加而减小,阴燃燃烧的一氧化碳平均生成率随着辐射强度的增加而增加。