铜陵尾矿土壤重金属污染物的固定修复

化学固定法通过向土壤中添加一定的固定剂,降低重金属有效态含量达到修复土壤重金属污染的目的。利用石灰、炉渣和稻草作为土壤重金属固定剂,通过土壤与固定剂的混合来修复铜陵Cu、Cd、Zn污染土壤,分析石灰、炉渣和稻草对土壤有效态Cu、Cd、Zn的固定修复效率和土壤微生物代谢呼吸率的影响。结果表明:除石灰与炉渣单独使用时对Cu固定修复效率低,以及稻草单独使用对Cd与Zn的固定修复效率也较差外,固定剂能够显著的降低有效态Cu、Cd、Zn含量(〖WTBX〗p〖WTBZ〗<005),尤其石灰、煤渣和稻草的混合物能够最为高效的降低有效态Cu、Cd、Zn含量,固定修复效率分别为9428%、7810%和 9857%,同时还能显著提高土壤微生物的代谢呼吸率(〖WTBX〗p〖WTBZ〗<005),增大微生物的活性。Pearson’s相关系数分析进一步表明在重金属污染的酸性土壤中,同时增加碱性物质和有机质含量能够较为高效地降低有效态重金属含量,增强土壤微生物抗重金属胁迫和毒性耐受能力,利于土壤的复垦再利用     

农村人居环境整治中的女性参与：实践形式与组织机制

如何有效激活农民主体性,激发人居环境整治中的群众参与是实现农村环境善治的重要议题。村庄调研发现,在当前国家资源向村庄密集输入的情况下,自上而下的单一环境供给方式既浪费资源,又难以满足居民诉求。动员村庄女性群体组织化参与是农村人居环境整治自下而上的群众动员和需求整合的有效方式。一方面,女性群体因其身份在村、关系在村,市场参与不足,成为村庄环境整治的潜在力量,与环境治理事务具有耦合性。另一方面,组织化参与为女性社会性身份的展演提供长效机制,利益吸纳成为激发女性参与的直接诱因。女性群体参与人居整治实践机制反映的是以农民为主体的农村环境治理需要抓住核心力量,对积极分子进行识别、激活和组织。     

高寒地区输电线路锥管板条装配式基础抗冻拔性能试验研究∗

高寒地区分布大量多年冻土,传统的现浇基础由于其抗冻拔性能差、施工周期长,不易采用,考虑受力合理, 施工快速便捷,提出一种可灵活拼装的锥管板条装配式基础。为了分析该种形式基础的抗冻拔特性,开展了5、-10、-15 ℃三种温度梯度条件下的冻结试验,分析了温度场、地基冻胀力、冻胀位移、基础本体应变的变化规律。研究结果表明：① 基础顶部冻拔位移小于地基冻胀位移,由于基础的“约束冻胀”作用,距基础边缘最远处冻胀位移最大;② 地基冻胀力与相应处冻胀位移之间呈正相关,冻胀力随温度降低而增大,且增加幅度随着温度的降低而加大;③ 基础本体所受拉应力远小于材料屈服强度,地基表面首先出现发状细微裂纹,随着后期冻胀力的释放, 裂缝逐渐扩张、延伸;④ 对于以承受上拔荷载为主的输电线路基础可采用回填非冻胀材料、基础表面光滑处理、优化结构形式等工程措施提高其抗拔性能。     

淮北中湖采煤沉陷区治理前后景观格局变化研究

基于淮北中湖采煤沉陷区2005年、2014年和2018年的遥感影像进行地表景观解译,研究治理前后该区景观格局变化特征及生态效应.结果表明:治理前,该区耕地破碎化加剧、景观优势最大并持续减弱,沉陷积水区水体呈聚集化趋势;治理后,景观基质由耕地变为水体,林地、草地面积显著增加且景观优势上升,人工湖泊水体聚集程度高.区域景观...     

市场分割对长江经济带能源环境效率影响研究

基于要素资源配置效应、技术创新效应和竞争效应,本文梳理了市场分割对长江经济带能源环境效率的影响机制,基于省际面板数据实证检验,发现:长江经济带能源环境效率随着市场分割程度存在显著倒"U"形关系;在规模报酬递减作用下,市场分割对长江经济带能源环境效率的影响从提升转变为抑制。未来破除长江经济带能源环境效率提升瓶颈的关键在于研发投入、对外开放水平以及市场融合。另外,分样本回归表明市场分割导致长江经济带中游地区能源环境效率存在"中部塌陷"的风险。由此,加强研发资金的精准投入、提升对外开放度和中游地区支撑力,以及增强长江经济带生态协同是长江经济带提升能源环境效率的重要突破口。     

Measurement and analysis of atmospheric concentrations of isoprene and its reaction products in central Texas

A field experiment was conducted in August 1998 to investigate the concentrations of isoprene and isoprene reaction products in the surface and mixed layers of the atmosphere in Central Texas. Measured near ground-level concentrations of isoprene ranged from 0.3 (lower limit of detection – LLD) to 10.2 ppbv in rural regions and from 0.3 to 6.0 ppbv in the Austin urban area. Rural ambient formaldehyde levels ranged from 0.4 ppbv (LLD) to 20.0 ppbv for 160 rural samples collected, while the observed range was smaller at Austin (0.4–3.4 ppbv) for a smaller set of samples (37 urban samples collected). Methacrolein levels did not vary as widely, with rural measurements from 0.1 ppbv (LLD) to 3.7 ppbv and urban concentrations varying between 0.2 and 5.7 ppbv. Isoprene flux measurements, calculated using a simple box model and measured mixed-layer isoprene concentrations, were in reasonable agreement with emission estimates based on local ground cover data. Ozone formation attributable to biogenic hydrocarbon oxidation was also calculated. The calculations indicated that if the ozone formation occurred at low VOC/NO_x ratios, up to 20 ppbv of ozone formed could be attributable to biogenic photooxidation. In contrast, if the biogenic hydrocarbon reaction products were formed under low NO_x conditions, ozone production attributable to biogenics oxidation would be as low as 1 ppbv. This variability in ozone formation potentials implies that biogenic emissions in rural areas will not lead to peak ozone levels in the absence of transport of NO_x from urban centers or large rural NO_x sources.     

影响病毒在物体表面和空气中生存的因素分析

新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）疫情严重危害人类生命安全和影响国家经济发展.截至目前,关于环境条件（湿度与温度）、空气污染及人为活动对2019-nCoV传播的文献鲜见报道.由于新型冠状病毒（2019-nCoV）采样困难,难以开展直接试验研究,因此通过对国内外其他类似病毒文献调研,探究影响病毒传播和生存的影响因素,以期为疫情防控和控制2019-nCoV传播提供指导.结果表明:①冠状病毒在低温低湿的环境中能够保持较长的存活时间与传播力,尤其在干燥物体表面停留时间更长,如冠状病毒能在温度为22~25℃、相对湿度（RH）为40%~45%的光滑物体表面存活5 d以上;②同时,冠状病毒气溶胶在低温低湿的条件下也具有高存活率,提示在密闭环境中2019-nCoV气溶胶可能在温度为20~25℃、相对湿度为30%~50%的条件下具有较高的存活率;③颗粒物浓度越高,2019-nCoV传播的风险可能随之增加;④感染者的行为活动也对2019-nCoV的传播起着不可忽视的作用,应避免在人群中打喷嚏、咳嗽,并且用手、手肘或其他物品加以防护,降低病毒传播的可能性.综上,提出几点疫情防控的相关建议,如改善室内微环境和开展2019-nCoV的检测、灭活、影响因素、传播规律等相关研究工作.      

A framework for human error risk analysis of coal mine emergency evacuation in China

Evacuation from underground coal mine in emergency as soon as possible makes the difference between life and death. Human factors have an important impact on a successful evacuation, but literature review shows that there is a lack of consideration of human error risk during coal mine emergency evacuation in China. To address the above problems, in this paper, we established a framework for human error risk analysis of coal mine emergency evacuation, consisting of scenario and task analysis, risk assessment and risk reduction. A general evacuation procedure which is applicable for different causes is detailed through the scenario and task analysis. A new method based on expert judgment, named OGI-Model, is proposed to evaluate the reliability of human safety barrier. In this new approach, human safety barrier is divided into three sub-barriers, i.e., organization safety sub-barrier (OSSB), group safety sub-barrier (GSSB), and individual safety sub-barrier (ISSB). Each sub-barrier consists of a series of concrete measures against specific evacuation actions. An example is provided in this paper to demonstrate the use of this framework and its effectiveness.     

水生植物重建工程对小柘皋河富营养化水质的净化效果

利用筛选出来的芦苇(Phragmites australis Trin)、茭草〔Zizania latifolia (Griseb.) Stapf〕、香蒲(Typha orientalis Presl.)、菱角(Trapa natans Linn.)、莲(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn)和菹草(Potamogeton crispus Linn.)6个工具物种,在小柘皋河道内进行水生植物群落重建恢复试验工程,并对该河道工程区内的水质进行1 a检测. 结果表明:恢复后小柘皋河植被面积占整个河道的65%～75%,河道水生植物年生产量约1.42×106 kg(以湿质量计),相当于1.98×1012 J(能量);河道内的水生植物都具有一定的抗水力冲击负荷能力,能适应河道污水水质和水量均不稳定的动态变化特征,并对污水中COD_Cr,TN,NO₃--N,TP和NH₄+-N等均有去除作用,去除率平均值分别为23.61%,25.00%,26.37%,32.93%和33.55%.      

Modeling of detonation processes in chemically active bubble systems at normal and elevated initial pressures

The detonation processes in chemically active bubble liquids under elevated initial pressures are investigated theoretically. It is shown, that supersonic regimes of wave propagation can exist, if the initial pressure is relatively high and the volume fraction of the bubbles is relatively small. Characteristic values of the bubble detonation wave pressure at sub- and supersonic regimes differ by an order of magnitude.The principal possibility of detonation wave structure transformation in the case of propagation in the mixture with high initial pressure and longitudinal gradient of bubble volume fraction is predicted. The leading shock may transform into a smooth wave of compression.The Chapman-Jouguet conditions for self-sustaining supersonic bubble detonation wave is obtained.A model of shock induced single bubble dynamics and ignition taking into account the real properties of the liquid, inter-phase transition processes, mechanical mixing of phases, ignition delay and continuous shift of chemical equilibrium have been described. Calculations for the oxygen containing bubble in liquid cyclohexane have been performed.