深度调峰长期服役TP347H钢管内壁氧化皮结构与形成机理

目的 掌握和应对深度调峰带来的新的安全隐患,对某深度调峰超临界机组的高温过热器和屏式过热器TP347H钢管内壁氧化皮开展研究。方法 采用物相成分测试和显微组织分析相结合的方法,探讨氧化皮的结构及其形成机理。结果 中间气孔层将氧化皮分为内外2层,外层为Fe2O3,结构疏松;内层较致密,主要为(Fe, Ni)Cr2O4,其中部分晶界富Cr相与含氧水蒸气反应、气化,形成气孔。含氧水蒸气通过气孔向钢基体扩散,并与其中的Cr反应,形成不连续的Cr2O3薄层。钢中的Fe原子通过Cr2O3薄层的缝隙扩散至内外层氧化皮界面,氧化形成Fe2O3,促进外层氧化皮的生长。结论 深度调峰促进了管道内壁氧化及氧化皮中气孔的形成,同时在外层氧化皮表层诱发微裂纹,促使氧化皮剥落。     

离子液体与废水对青海弧菌Q67的混合毒性研究

以1-苄基—3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸(IL1)和1-已基—3-甲基咪唑双(三氟甲基磺基)亚胺(IL2)及废水为混合物组分,以Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67为指示生物,采用均匀设计射线法设计不同浓度配比的IL1-IL2混合物体系及IL1-IL2-废水的混合物体系,应用微板毒性分析法系统测定这些混合物体系的浓度-效应数据,并以浓度加和与独立作用模型为加和参考模型分析毒性相互作用.结果表明:IL1-IL2的混合物体系具有拮抗或加和作用,且混合物毒性(pEC50值)与其中IL1的浓度比具有良好的线性关系;IL1-IL2-废水的混合物体系具有明显的协同或加和作用,且混合物pEC50值与其中废水的浓度比具有良好的线性关系.     

巢湖不同富营养化区域甲烷排放通量与途径

为了更好的认识不同富营养化区域甲烷（CH₄）排放通量及途径的时空异质性,本文以我国典型富营养化浅水湖泊-巢湖为研究对象,设置西北湖湾、西湖心和中湖心3个研究点位,采用漂浮通量箱和经验模型分析等方法对其水-气界面CH₄排放通量与途径进行季节性研究.结果表明水体与沉积物中CH₄溶存浓度、水-气界面CH₄排放通量同水体营养盐水平及叶绿素a含量的空间变化相一致,且均表现为西北湖湾最高,其水体CH₄溶存浓度为（0.178 ±0.002）~（1.123 ±0.026）μmol/L、表层沉积物中CH₄含量为（70.5 ±30.7）~（189 ±97.0）μmol/L、CH₄总排放通量为（50.1 ±2.93）~（1232 ±28.6）μmol/（m²·h）;3个点位的CH₄扩散通量占总排放量的7.3%~42.9%,冒泡通量占57.1%~92.7%,富营养化程度最高的西北湖湾冒泡通量占比最高;CH₄排放通量大小与途径同时受季节变化影响,夏季CH₄冒泡与总排放通量均最高,其中冒泡对总通量的贡献高达98.1%.     

黑碳仪测量气溶胶吸收系数的校正算法和影响因素研究进展

黑碳仪作为常用的吸收系数测量方法之一,广泛应用于气溶胶光吸收特性的实验室和外场观测研究.然而,受测量方法的限制,吸收系数测量的准确性受到颗粒物负载效应,以及滤膜和颗粒物的多重散射效应的影响.本文综述了黑碳仪的测量原理及现有校正算法,探究了其吸收系数测量的影响因素,分析了黑碳气溶胶的混合状态对其吸收系数测量偏差（C_ref’）的影响,探讨了C_ref’与气溶胶单次散射反照率（SSA）的关系以及C_ref’的波长依赖关系,并提出了今后相关研究的建议.     

变电站复杂声场中多点噪声源的鉴别

复杂声场中单个声源的鉴别和评价是噪声污染控制的重要环节。简要介绍了几种常用的噪声源鉴别方法,然后结合变电站复杂声场中噪声产生的实际情况,针对变电站主要声源噪声的特性提出了两种方法的基本原理和具体操作步骤,即声强测量法和基于波叠加的噪声源识别方法,用以进行变电站中多点噪声源的鉴别。这为建立变电站声场中多点声源鉴别的标准方法提供了可能;对于厂界噪声超过环保部门确定标准的变电站,应用这些方法可以提供明确的治理思路。     

Numerical investigation of effects on premixed hydrogen/air flame propagation in pipes with different contraction or expansion angles

Numerical simulations of premixed hydrogen-air flame propagation in a pipe with different contraction or expansion angles are carried out in this study. The effects on the flame propagation characteristics are investigated, including flame shape, the speed of flame front and overpressure. Results show that the flame propagation at different contraction angles experiences 6 flame stages: spherical flame stage, finger-shaped flame stage, stage of flame front touching the sidewalls, classic tulip flame stage, dissipation stage of tulip flame and its re-formation stage. The formation of tulip flame and the following stages are promoted by the contraction structure. Meanwhile, the development of the flow and pressure fields near the contraction are analyzed and it is found that the paraclinical effects induced by the contraction angle enhance the tulip re-formation. In the sudden expansion pipes, a triple flame stage appears in the pipes. The flame front remains relatively static for a period of time. However, the flame would continue to propagate when the expansion angle becomes larger and the flame propagation distance in the ducts increased obviously with the larger expansion angle. Baroclinic effect can inhibit the intensity of the vortex in the flow field, and hence weaken the forward transport of fuel. This inhibit effects decrease with the expansion angle becomes larger. The results of this study have implications concerning designs for pipe geometry of hydrogen and may help get better hydrogen transportation.     

影响病毒在物体表面和空气中生存的因素分析

新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）疫情严重危害人类生命安全和影响国家经济发展.截至目前,关于环境条件（湿度与温度）、空气污染及人为活动对2019-nCoV传播的文献鲜见报道.由于新型冠状病毒（2019-nCoV）采样困难,难以开展直接试验研究,因此通过对国内外其他类似病毒文献调研,探究影响病毒传播和生存的影响因素,以期为疫情防控和控制2019-nCoV传播提供指导.结果表明:①冠状病毒在低温低湿的环境中能够保持较长的存活时间与传播力,尤其在干燥物体表面停留时间更长,如冠状病毒能在温度为22~25℃、相对湿度（RH）为40%~45%的光滑物体表面存活5 d以上;②同时,冠状病毒气溶胶在低温低湿的条件下也具有高存活率,提示在密闭环境中2019-nCoV气溶胶可能在温度为20~25℃、相对湿度为30%~50%的条件下具有较高的存活率;③颗粒物浓度越高,2019-nCoV传播的风险可能随之增加;④感染者的行为活动也对2019-nCoV的传播起着不可忽视的作用,应避免在人群中打喷嚏、咳嗽,并且用手、手肘或其他物品加以防护,降低病毒传播的可能性.综上,提出几点疫情防控的相关建议,如改善室内微环境和开展2019-nCoV的检测、灭活、影响因素、传播规律等相关研究工作.      

Graphitic carbon nitride-based photocatalysts in the applications of environmental catalysis

Semiconductor photocatalytic technology has shown great prospects in converting solar energy into chemical energy to mitigate energy crisis and solve environmental pollution problems. The key issue is the development of high-efficiency photocatalysts. Various strategies in the state-of-the-art advancements, such as heterostructure construction, heteroatom doping, metal/single atom loading, and defect engineering, have been presented for the graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄)-based nanocomposite catalysts to design their surface chemical environments and internal electronic structures to make them more suitable for different photocatalytic applications. In this review, nanoarchitecture design, synthesis methods, photochemical properties, potential photocatalytic applications, and related reaction mechanisms of the modified high-efficiency carbon nitride-based photocatalysts were briefly summarized. The superior photocatalytic performance was identified to be associated with the enhanced visible-light response, fast photoinduced electron-hole separation, efficient charge migration, and increased unsaturated active sites. Moreover, the further advance of the visible-light harvesting and solar-to-energy conversions are proposed.     

Measurement and analysis of atmospheric concentrations of isoprene and its reaction products in central Texas

A field experiment was conducted in August 1998 to investigate the concentrations of isoprene and isoprene reaction products in the surface and mixed layers of the atmosphere in Central Texas. Measured near ground-level concentrations of isoprene ranged from 0.3 (lower limit of detection – LLD) to 10.2 ppbv in rural regions and from 0.3 to 6.0 ppbv in the Austin urban area. Rural ambient formaldehyde levels ranged from 0.4 ppbv (LLD) to 20.0 ppbv for 160 rural samples collected, while the observed range was smaller at Austin (0.4–3.4 ppbv) for a smaller set of samples (37 urban samples collected). Methacrolein levels did not vary as widely, with rural measurements from 0.1 ppbv (LLD) to 3.7 ppbv and urban concentrations varying between 0.2 and 5.7 ppbv. Isoprene flux measurements, calculated using a simple box model and measured mixed-layer isoprene concentrations, were in reasonable agreement with emission estimates based on local ground cover data. Ozone formation attributable to biogenic hydrocarbon oxidation was also calculated. The calculations indicated that if the ozone formation occurred at low VOC/NO_x ratios, up to 20 ppbv of ozone formed could be attributable to biogenic photooxidation. In contrast, if the biogenic hydrocarbon reaction products were formed under low NO_x conditions, ozone production attributable to biogenics oxidation would be as low as 1 ppbv. This variability in ozone formation potentials implies that biogenic emissions in rural areas will not lead to peak ozone levels in the absence of transport of NO_x from urban centers or large rural NO_x sources.     

A framework for human error risk analysis of coal mine emergency evacuation in China

Evacuation from underground coal mine in emergency as soon as possible makes the difference between life and death. Human factors have an important impact on a successful evacuation, but literature review shows that there is a lack of consideration of human error risk during coal mine emergency evacuation in China. To address the above problems, in this paper, we established a framework for human error risk analysis of coal mine emergency evacuation, consisting of scenario and task analysis, risk assessment and risk reduction. A general evacuation procedure which is applicable for different causes is detailed through the scenario and task analysis. A new method based on expert judgment, named OGI-Model, is proposed to evaluate the reliability of human safety barrier. In this new approach, human safety barrier is divided into three sub-barriers, i.e., organization safety sub-barrier (OSSB), group safety sub-barrier (GSSB), and individual safety sub-barrier (ISSB). Each sub-barrier consists of a series of concrete measures against specific evacuation actions. An example is provided in this paper to demonstrate the use of this framework and its effectiveness.