转轮式洗轮机对车轮带泥的冲洗效果

施工车辆车轮带泥是我国道路扬尘污染控制面临的共性和突出问题。为在国内推广使用洗轮机提供技术依据，通过检测工地出口外道路积尘负荷来估算转轮式洗轮机对车轮带泥的冲洗效率，并以该洗轮机作为车轮带泥检测设备，检测和统计北京市车轮带泥量。结果表明，（1）转轮式洗轮机可以将工地出口外100m道路积尘负荷增量由64．4g／m2降至5．9g／m2，转轮式洗轮机对车轮带泥的冲洗效率大于90％；（2）渣土车和混凝土车车轮带泥量的平均值分别为5．1和2．2kg／车；（3）北京市未来车轮带泥量将超过8．8万t／a，施工车辆全部经过转轮式洗轮机冲洗后，车轮带泥量可削减7．9万t／a。建议在相关法律法规中以强制性条款落实施工车辆车轮带泥机械化冲洗要求。     

北京市典型餐饮企业VOCs排放特征研究

选取北京市餐饮业中的烧烤、中式快餐、西式快餐、川菜和浙菜这5种典型菜系,借鉴EPA相关方法,对典型餐饮企业排放油烟气中的挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)进行了采样分析,研究了各菜系排放VOCs的浓度水平和组分构成.结果表明按基准风量折算后,烧烤的VOCs排放浓度水平最高,达到12.22 mg·m-3,中、西式快餐、川菜和浙菜为4mg·m-3左右.5种典型菜系中,烧烤的VOCs排放组分构成与非烧烤类菜系具有明显区别,主要组分有丙烯、1-丁烯和正丁烷等.非烧烤菜系的主要组分是乙醇,其中西式快餐排放的醛酮类有机物比重较高.通过分析各菜系的单个灶头基准风量浓度可知,同等规模的烧烤类餐饮企业对大气环境质量的影响高于非烧烤类餐饮企业,应是重点管控对象.     

APEC会议期间北京机动车排放控制效果评估

机动车尾气排放是影响北京市大气环境质量的首要因素,为了保障APEC期间的空气质量,北京市采取了包括控制机动车排放在内的严格的控制措施.本研究基于路网车流量、车速和车型变化数据,提出了一种基于自下而上排放清单的控制措施效果评估方法.结果表明,APEC会议期间北京市路网车流量下降,车速上升,小客车的车流量下降幅度最大;APEC会议期间机动车尾气CO、NO_x、HC和PM排放削减比例分别为:快速路15.1%、22.4%、18.4%和21.8%,主干道29.9%、36.4%、32.7%和35.8%,次干道35.7%、41.7%、38.4%和41.2%,支路40.8%、46.5%、43.1%和46.0%.基于自下而上的排放清单方法,建立了APEC会前和会期的机动车尾气排放清单,结果显示研究区域内会期机动车尾气排放量CO、NO_x、HC和PM排放量分别削减37.5%、43.4%、39.9%和42.9%.     

Physico-chemical characterization and source tracking of black carbon at a suburban site in Beijing

Particles from ambient air and combustion sources including vehicle emission, coal combustion and biomass burning were collected and chemically pretreated with the purpose of obtaining isolated BC (black carbon) samples. TEM (transmission electron microscopy) results indicate that BC from combustion sources shows various patterns, and airborne BC appears spherical and about 50 nm in diameter with a homogeneous surface and turbostratic structure. The BET (Barrett–Emmett–Teller) results suggest that the surface areas of these BC particles fall in the range of 3–23 m²/g, with a total pore volume of 0.03–0.05 cm³/g and a mean pore diameter of 7–53 nm. The nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms are indicative of the accumulation mode and uniform pore size. O₂-TPO (temperature programmed oxidation) profiles suggest that the airborne BC oxidation could be classified as the oxidation of amorphous carbon, which falls in the range of 406–490°C with peaks at 418, 423 and 475°C, respectively. Generally, the BC characteristics and source analysis suggest that airborne BC most likely comes from diesel vehicle emission at this site.     

江湖关系演变对洞庭湖水质变化影响研究

利用长江中下游地区监测站点1950~2009年逐日水文监测数据及1995~2010年水质分析资料,结合Spearman相关分析和综合污染指数评价法,分析了长江中下游江湖关系演变对洞庭湖水质变化影响,并面向洞庭湖水环境安全提出一系列调控措施,旨在为洞庭湖地区水质改善提供理论基础与技术支持。     

中国废弃物处理处置社会监督体系模式现状及存在问题研究

废弃物不妥善处理处置是环境污染的主要部分,但废弃物治理的社会监督尚处于起步阶段,相关政策法规并不完善甚至缺位,同时国内也缺少相应的经验可供借鉴。现阶段,公众环境权意识逐渐萌发,对环境保护工作提出更高要求,社会监督作为环境监管的重要组成单元,其发展水平和公众权益意识在一定程度上代表着国家环境保护工作的长足进步。通过实地调研和资料查阅相结合的方式,重点对目前中国社会监督体系的现状、途径、体系构成、存在问题进行系统梳理,并有针对性地提出建设性意见。     

北京市2000年-2012年水环境质量及污染规律研究

环境质量和污染结构演化与城市社会经济发展之间存在内在联系,抓住三者间的关系可以更好地规划指导环境保护,甚至影响城市规划。本文分析了2000年以来首都水环境质量及水环境污染演变规律,研究了环境质量和污染结构演化与城市社会经济发展之间的内在联系,在此基础上识别并分析了北京市主要水环境问题和成因,提出了水环境保护的综合对策和建议。研究将为解决北京市水环境问题提供有力支撑。     

北京市跨区县界断面水质考核研究与应用

研究构建了北京市跨区县界断面水质考核办法,包括水质监测、考核评价、考核程序等主要内容。考核办法目前已纳入北京市区县政府绩效管理考评,作为北京市水环境目标责任考核的重要组成部分。     

基于实际道路交通流信息的北京市机动车排放特征

通过模型模拟和调查统计方法获取了北京路网的车流量、车型构成和车速基础数据.基于具有时空分布特征的实际道路交通流信息和排放因子,以Arc GIS为平台构建了北京市机动车尾气排放清单,并分析实际道路排放特征及污染物排放的空间分布特征.结果表明,北京市城区各类型道路上小客车比例均在89%以上,郊区道路也为小客车比例最高,但小货车、中货车、大货车、大客车、拖拉机和摩托车均占一定比例.污染物排放强度与车流量呈正相关性,污染物排放强度总体上呈现白天高夜间底的趋势,但是郊区道路PM排放昼夜变化趋势不明显,高速路的PM排放强度夜间大于白天.污染物排放的空间分布为城区、南部、东南以及东北部接近城区的区域排放强度较高,西部山区及北部山区由于路网密度较小排放强度较低,城区环路和郊区高速公路附近由于车流量大,排放强度较高.     

Sustainability evaluation of the Grain for Green Project: from local people's responses to ecological effectiveness in Wolong Nature Reserve

This article examines the sustainability of the Grain for Green Project in the Wolong Nature Reserve. Pertinent data were collected through a questionnaire survey and a spatial analysis of reforested lands. The study results identified four critical issues that may influence the sustainability of the project in the study area. The first issue is concerned with the project’s impacts on local sustenance. Because local grain consumption depends greatly on compensation awarded by the project, the potential for sustainability of the project is compromised. The second issue is that the project causes negative effects on local incomes in the Wolong Nature Reserve, which may undermine local economic prospects. The third issue is that the project failed to deliver suitable habitat for the giant panda, although two of the suitability requirements that deal with landform features were met. Lastly, the project neglects great differences among geographical areas in the country, providing the same compensation and length of compensation period to all participants. Appropriate compensation mechanisms should be established and adapted to local economic, environmental, and social conditions. In managing nature reserves and moving toward sustainability, ensuring all aspects of local socioeconomic and ecological/environmental issues are properly addressed is a real challenge. Based on our study, some recommendations for improving sustainability of the project are given.