Detailed Ecological Footprint Accounting of Liaoning in 2006

Abstract

Ecological footprint (EF) has received considerable attention as a useful indicator in the context of sustainable development. So far, EF has been used in numerous studies by academies, organizations and government authorities. However, the results of these studies failed to be comparable directly with each other due to imprecise data sets, unmodified accounting methods of pasture and fossil energy, ignored secondary products, undefined process of calculating yield factors and improper biocapacity for biodiversity. In this paper, we elaborated on EF estimating methods from six categories of consumption in order to overcome the limitations above. We adopted precise data and revised methods, calculated EF of some secondary products, introduced weighted factor to calculate yield factors and adjusted biocapacity by an appropriate amount. Meanwhile, we investigated the resource consumption of Liaoning Province in 2006 to assess EF. Its results showed that Liaoning Province overused its natural capital and was in an unsustainable state. We concluded that two specific problems that had arisen in EF assessment and gave some suggestions for Liaoning Province to improve its unsustainable state.     

Sample based estimation of landscape metrics; accuracy of line intersect sampling for estimating edge density and Shannon’s diversity index

A recent trend is to estimate landscape metrics using sample data and cost-efficiency is one important reason for this development. In this study, line intersect sampling (LIS) was used as an alternative to wall-to-wall mapping for estimating Shannon’s diversity index and edge length and density. Monte Carlo simulation was applied to study the statistical performance of the estimators. All combinations of two sampling designs (random and systematic distribution of transects), four sample sizes, five transect configurations (straight line, L, Y, triangle, and quadrat), two transect orientations (fixed and random), and three configuration lengths were tested, each with a large number of simulations. Reference was 50 photos of size 1 km², already manually delineated in vector format by photo interpreters using GIS environment. The performance was compared by root mean square error (RMSE) and bias. The best combination for all three metrics was found to be the systematic design and as response design the straight line configuration with random orientation of transects, with little difference between the fixed and random orientation of transects. The rate of decrease of RMSE for increasing sample size and line length was studied with a mixed linear model. It was found that the RMSE decreased to a larger degree with the systematic design than the random one, especially with increasing sample size. Due to the nonlinearity in the definition of Shannon diversity estimator its estimator has a small and negative bias, decreasing with sample size and line length. Finally, a time study was conducted, measuring the time for registration of line intersections and their lengths on non-delineated aerial photos. The time study showed that long sampling lines were more cost-efficient than short ones for photo-interpretation.     

世界三大黑土区水土流失与防治比较分析

论文首先明晰了黑土及黑土区的概念与范围界定,将中国东北黑土区分为典型黑土区与黑土区两个层次。在此基础上对世界三大黑土区在成土条件,开发利用过程、水土流失及水土流失防治模式方面进行了对比分析。通过比较分析认为:在自然条件上虽然三大黑土区具有一定的相似性,但我国东北黑土区由于地势起伏相对较大,更易遭受水土流失的危害;国外两大黑土区大规模的开发利用比我国黑土区相对早一些,大规模的农业开垦与不合理的耕作方式是世界三大黑土区水土流失与土地退化的主要原因;国外两大黑土区主要以风蚀为主,我国东北黑土区则是以水蚀为主,但风蚀面积也较大;国外两大黑土区在耕作制度、土地使用政策、水土保持资金投入、水土保持宣传教育及科学试验等方面已经采取了相对有效的措施,我国在这些方面还相对滞后。通过对国外黑土区水土流失治理的借鉴与思考,提出了我国东北黑土区在水土流失防治方面亟待解决的几个问题。     

A comparative study of classical and biochemical endpoints for phytotoxicity testing of chlorobenzoic acids

IntroductionChlorobenzoic acids ( CBAs ) are important chemicalproducts and extensive used as the intermediate and analysisreagent in many industrial fields(Zhang, 2001). Therefore,CBAs may directly and constantly release into environment,and it was a…     

土壤中重金属镉锌铅复合污染的研究

采用吸附与解吸实验及盆栽试验，研究了在重金属镉、锌、铅复合污染条件下，棕壤对重金属的吸附、解吸规律，以及菠菜吸收重金属的特点。结果表明：棕壤对铅、锌的吸附分别符合Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ、Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ方程，对镉的吸附用Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ、Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ及Ｔｅｍｋｉｎ方程回归都不显。重金属被吸附后的解吸率顺序为：Ｚｎ〉Ｃｄ〉Ｐｂ。Ｐｂ＾２＋与吸附位结合的牢固程度较单一污染时大，而Ｃｄ＾２＋和Ｚ     

类羧酸对棕壤中与氮素转化有关的生物活性的影响

类羧酸是一种带有羧基的化工副产品，其主要成分是二羧酸和三羧酸。具有较强的络合能力，可以用做螯合剂。文章通过室内培养实验，研究了类羧酸对棕壤中与氮素转化有关的生物活性的影响。结果表明类羧酸能显著抑制土壤脲酶活性，有效减少尿素水解产物氨的挥发损失；能促进土壤中含氮有机物的分解，并能抑制土壤中氨态氮向硝态氮的转化。另外施用类羧酸还能改善土壤中氮素的有效性，提高土壤的供氮能力。     

类羧酸对棕壤中与磷素转化有关的生物活性的影响

类羧酸是一种带有羧基的化工副产品，其主要成分是二羧酸和三羧酸，具有较强的络合能力，可以用作鳌合剂。通过室内恒温培养试验，研究了类羧酸对棕壤中与磷素转化有关的生物活性的影响。研究结果表明：土壤中性磷酸酶活性与土壤有机磷转化强度间存在显著直线相关关系。并且，施用类羧酸能增加土壤微生物生物量磷含量，增强土壤中有机磷化合物的水解，增加土壤有效磷的含量，从而改善土壤的供磷能力。     

农业磷素流失途径及控制方法研究进展

综合评述了农业磷素面源污染产生的原因及其控制方法方面的国内外研究进展。在控制磷污染源方面要注意磷肥用量和磷肥有效性的提高,减少磷素在土壤中的积累;在控制磷素流失方面要针对磷素地表和土体内迁移流失采取有效措施,减少磷素对地表水和地下水污染。磷素污染的治理关键是切断磷源和流失途径的联系,根据磷污染源的等级划分因地制宜地采取治理措施;要将磷和氮综合治理,制定适合我国国情的BMP管理模式。     

几种工矿废渣改善土壤供硅能力的效果

施用硅肥可以改善土壤硅素肥力状况,提高水稻产量,改善稻米品质,增强水稻抗性,利用工矿废渣生产硅肥还能产生良好的生态环境效益。本研究采用室内模拟与盆栽试验的方法,研究了高炉渣、粉煤灰和金刚石矿渣作硅肥施用对水稻土供硅能力的影响。结果表明,在北方酸性水稻土上施用废渣使土壤硅素释累积放量显著增加,明显改善土壤的供硅能力,促进水稻对硅素养分的吸收,上述效果随废渣用量增加而更为明显,且高炉渣的效果要明显好于粉煤灰和金刚石矿渣。另外,五种废渣的不同施用量与植株含硅量增加率之间均满足对数正相关关系,对数项系数a与127d的硅素累积释放量之间存在极显著的线性正相关关系,说明土壤硅素累积释放量可以评价施用过废渣的土壤的供硅能力,能够反映废渣作硅肥的适宜性。     

基于Model-3/CMAQ模式的本溪市大气细颗粒物数值模拟

为探究北方山区城市大气细颗粒物污染特征,应用气象模式WRF耦合空气质量模式CMAQ对本溪市2016年PM_2.5空间分布特征、化学组分特征及主要污染源贡献情况进行分析.本溪市SO₂、NO_x、TSP的工业排放量分别达到5.2×104、4.1×104、16.1×104 t.结果表明,模拟值与监测值变化趋势基本一致,模拟效果较好. 1月ρ（PM_2.5）明显高于7月,空间分布均呈现"西高东低"态势,高值区出现在人口稠密的市区附近. 1月ρ（PM_2.5）本地源贡献率表现为钢铁（35.7%）>供暖（12.5%）>居民（7.5%）>移动（5.2%）>秸秆（2.0%）>电力（0.4%）;7月为钢铁（48.6%）>移动（9.2%）>建材（3.5%）>居民（2.8%）>电力（1.5%）.受气候、地貌及大气污染物排放特征影响,1月区域传输特征明显,外来源贡献为24%,高于7月的14%.另外,1月和7月本溪市PM_2.5组分中二次粒子（SO₄2-、NO₃-、NH₄+）占比分别为29%和32%,碳组分（OC、EC）占比分别为43%和37%,碳气溶胶污染严重.研究显示,本溪市大气细颗粒物污染具有明显的季节性变化特征,1月部分区域浓度超标主要是由于以钢铁行业为主的工业排放造成,加之本溪市1月以西北风为主且风力较大,市区位于西部低海拔地区,来自中部城市群的污染物在向东南方向传输过程中受到高海拔山区阻隔,从而形成污染物积聚效应.