近30 a基本农田领域研究态势的可视化分析

论文通过收集"基本农田"为关键词的537篇检索文献,建立关键词共现关系聚类图谱与时区图谱,以Citespace可视化分析法分析近30 a(1986—2015年)中国基本农田领域研究的发展态势。研究结果表明:1)基本农田领域的研究聚类集中在基本农田保护、评价、划定以及建设等4个领域,研究内容与方法侧重点不同;2)基本农田研究内涵及内容体系丰富,具有明显的时代性特征,并且具有明显的地域差异性和时间变异性;3)基本农田研究还存在一定的共性问题,一是基本农田划定与评价指标体系过于笼统,评价体系缺乏协调性,二是缺少各级别的基金资助与支持。研究建议:基本农田评价与划定标准体系要考虑区域特征与需求;基本农田研究要适应土地利用规划及土地整治等国家战略要求;同时,基本农田研究应是一项科学问题,要发展成为国家自然基金等资助的重要检索关键词与申报领域。     

一体双腔室沼气发酵系统及其配套技术的推广应用

采用自行设计的一体双腔室沼气发酵系统及其配套技术和筛选的低温菌种,以有机废物等为原料,制取沼气。本发酵系统结构简单,成本低,变废为宝,改善环境,提高效益。     

低湿诱导黄瓜抗病性研究

以黄瓜感病品种为试材，在国内外首次证实低湿处理诱导抗黄瓜病害的现象。研究证实，黄瓜幼苗经低湿处理7d后，对霜霉病、炭疽病、黑星病产生抗性。低湿程度不同，诱导效果也不同，1／2、1／3正常浇水量对黄瓜抗霜霉病有明显诱导作用；1／3、1／4正常浇水量对黄瓜抗炭疽和黑星病有明显诱导作用，诱导抗性持续时间可达到12d。     

堆肥处理过程中猪粪有机物的动态变化特征

为了解猪粪堆肥过程中各种有机物的变化特征,并为判断猪粪堆肥腐熟度提供参考指标,进行42d的高温好氧堆肥.结果表明,堆体中的有机质含量呈下降趋势;水溶性有机碳(DOC)含量在第10d达到最大值,之后呈下降趋势;易分解有机质含量呈下降趋势,但在高温开始阶段呈上升趋势;腐殖质含量呈上升趋势.说明堆肥过程中有机物不断向腐殖化方向转化.在研究H/F变化时发现,它与判断堆肥腐熟度常用的化学指标(有机质、DOC)呈一定的相关性,而且与易分解有机质和腐殖质也有较好的相关性.     

Historical evolution of anthropogenic aluminum stocks and flows in Italy

Dynamic stocks and flows analysis was applied to the anthropogenic aluminum cycle in Italy in order to detect and quantify metal flows and in-use stocks over the years 1947–2009. The model utilized a top-down approach, including data for production, consumption, loss, and trade flows of aluminum. Seven end-use markets were considered, namely buildings and construction, transportation, consumer durables, machinery and equipment, electrical engineering, containers and packaging, and miscellaneous appliance types. The results of this dynamic stocks and flows analysis model quantified the contemporary anthropogenic reservoirs (or in-use stocks) of aluminum at about 320 kg per capita, mainly embedded within the transportation and building and construction sectors. Cumulative in-use stock represents approximately 11 years of supply at current usage rates (about 20 Mt versus 1.7 Mt/year), implying significant potential for recycling in the future as this stock comes out of use. Flow analysis revealed that Italy imports mainly unwrought aluminum and exports final products, while the main material losses occur during alumina refining and collection of old scrap: specifically, containers and packaging have the highest old scrap generation rate, but for the lowest recovery rate (50%). Increasing support to collection of scrap and initiatives oriented to aluminum recovery specifically would allow Italy to increase its reliance on domestic material, and may also allow a decline of the country import-dependence on primary sources. The dynamic stocks and flows model created here provides a quantitative historical record of the aluminum required by Italian society during important periods of development and provides guidance for future decision-making around the use of domestic secondary resources.     

Simulation of long-range transport of acidic pollutants in East Asia during the Yellow Sand event

The atmospheric chemical process was simulated using the Carbon Bond 4 (CB-4) model, the aqueous-phase chemistry in Regional Acid Deposition Model and the thermodynamic equilibrium relation of aerosols with the emission inventories of the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research, the database of China and South Korea and the Mesoscale Model version 2 (MM5) meteorological fields to examine the spatial distributions of the acidic pollutant concentrations in East Asia for the case of the long-lasting Yellow Sand event in April 1998. The present models simulate quite well the observed general trend and the diurnal variation of concentrations of gaseous pollutants, especially for O₃ concentration. However, the model underestimates SO₂ and NO_x concentration but overestimates O₃ concentration largely due to uncertainty in NO_x and VOC emissions. It is found that the simulated gaseous pollutants such as SO₂, NO_x, and NH₃ are not transported far away from the source regions but show significant diurnal variations of their concentrations. However, the daily variations of the concentrations are not significant due to invariant emission rates. On the other hand, concentrations of the transformed pollutants including SO₄²⁻, NH₄⁺, and NO₃⁻ are found to have significant daily variations but little diurnal variations. The model-estimated deposition indicates that dry deposition is largely contributed by gaseous pollutants while wet deposition of pollutants is mainly contributed by the transformed pollutants.     

不同畜禽粪便堆肥过程中有机氮形态的动态变化

利用室内模拟堆肥试验,对不同畜禽粪便在堆肥过程中酸水解态氮及其组分的变化规律进行了研究.研究结果表明,随着堆肥的进行,酸水解态氮呈现先降后增的变化趋势,且与堆肥前相比,堆肥处理后酸水解态氮占全氮比例增加,尤其是在猪粪、鸡粪等家禽粪便更为明显,表明畜禽粪便经过堆肥处理后有利于氮素的保蓄;非酸解性氮占全氮比例的变化趋势与酸水解态氮的变化趋势相反;酸解铵态氮、氨基酸态氮和氨基糖态氮占全氮的比值在堆肥过程中均呈现先增加后降低的趋势;未鉴别态氮占全氮比例在整个堆肥过程中的变化趋势与上述3种可鉴别态的酸水解态氮的变化趋势相反.温度、pH值与氨基糖态氮变化趋势相同,这可能是影响氨基糖态氮变化的主要因素;而温度与酸解铵态氮、未鉴别态氮变化的趋势相同,可能是影响酸解变化的主要因素,pH 值与酸水解态氮、非酸解性氮变化趋势相同,可能是影响它们变化的主要因素.     

温度对外源性重金属镉在土-水界面间形态转化的影响

通过室内培养试验、采用逐级提取法研究了不同温度(-30℃、10℃、30℃)对土壤中不同剂量外源重金属镉形态转化的影响。结果表明:在30℃和10℃条件下外源加入土壤中的镉以交换态为主,且在30℃条件下镉的活性要强于10℃。在-30℃条件下,当土壤中镉总量较高时,冷冻导致镉在短期内存在形态以残渣态为主,而在培养后期交换态镉的分配系数较大;当土壤中镉总量较低时冷冻过程使镉活性增强,交换态镉的分配系数较大。冷冻过程中有机质结合态镉的含量未检测出来,说明有机质与镉的螯合作用减弱。土壤中镉含量越多,非残渣态镉的相对含量也随之增高,镉的毒性相对也增强。     

内蒙古中东部大针茅群落土壤线虫多样性研究

2003年在内蒙古西乌旗大针茅草原，根据土壤深度0～10cm、1020cm、20～30cm分层采样，定量分析土壤线虫群落的多度，并对土壤线虫群落多样性和群落内线虫营养类型进一步分析．结果表明，该群落中土壤线虫包括50属和24科，其中矮化属、拟盘旋属、丽突属为优势属，特别是矮化属线虫数量异常高．土壤线虫群落的垂直分布呈现表聚型．就功能类群而言，植食性线虫在各层中的比例最高，为69．4％～81．3％，食真菌类线虫的比例最低，为0．9％～2．4％，而食细菌类线虫比例为13．9％-20．9％，食真菌类线虫和食细菌类线虫的比值为0．067～0．133．表6参29