弹性填料微孔曝气生物膜法修复污染水源除NH4+-N

采用弹性填料微孔曝气生物接触氧化法对受污染的水源进行修复除NH₄⁺-N效果研究.结果表明,在正常水温20℃～27℃条件下,当污染水源COD_Mn7～14mg/L,NH₄⁺-N 0.7～2.0mg/L和生物修复工艺运行参数HRT为1.4h,气:水=0.5:1,DO为7～9mg/L时,生物修复工艺可去除水源中的NH₄⁺-N为64%～95%;在较低水温7℃～12℃条件下,当污染水源COD_Mn6～11mg/L,NH₄⁺-N 1.2～8.0mg/L和生物修复工艺运行参数HRT为1.4h,气:水=0.5:1,DO为8～10mg/L时,生物修复工艺可去除水源中的NH₄⁺-N为40%～63%.     

The environmental monitoring of large international companies. How and what is monitored and why

Monitoring is critical for environmental management. Environmental management decisions are dependent on monitoring; the same holds for reporting for legal purposes and reporting the environmental performance of the company. For improvement-based environmental management, an extensive monitoring system is needed. Such monitoring should be partly physical and partly financial. The core of physical monitoring should consist of materials accounting based on a mass balance of inputs and outputs of plants and measurements of releases. Financial monitoring should be focused on integrating all environmental costs into product costs. The aim of this survey is to find out how and what is actually monitored and why companies are conducting environmental monitoring. To address these issues investigations were carried out using structured interviews in seven large internationally operating companies. We found that legislation is the main reason for monitoring releases. The frequency of monitoring and which materials are monitored are also mainly dependent on legislation. None of the companies in our survey is using the extensive monitoring system needed for improvement-based environmental management. The financial part of the monitoring system was the least developed, but also the physical part showed many deficiencies. High uncertainties are possible in the results of monitoring. The companies studied have no comprehensive policy as to monitoring environmental costs and integrating these costs into product costs. The companies studied are monitoring environmental management system results infrequently. Accounting materials in order to determine a mass balance is not executed by the companies studied. Audits should be part of the monitoring program. All of the companies studied have regular audits. The audits are used mainly by most of the companies to control the working of the environmental management system.     

Analysis of organophosphorus pesticides in water samples using a continuous membrane permeation extractor

A membrane permeation method used for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) at trace levels in water is described. OPPs were collected on Tenax-TA polymeric resin after permeating through a silicone polycarbonate membrane. OPPs were then stripped by thermal desorption and directed into a gas chromatograph using a helium stream for quantitative analysis. A linear relationship was found between the mass collected on Tenax-TA and the product of external concentration and exposure time. The method detection limits (MDL) for OPPs were 0.26–2.37 μg/l with the relative standard deviations (R.S.D.) less than 20%. This method provides an easy, low-cost way of preconcentrating samples. It eliminates the involvement of any organic solvent, and has the potential for automated on-site analysis of OPPs in water.     

Surplus production,compensation, and impact assessments of power plants

For over 60 years, fishery scientists have been using the argument that nature creates surplus, and that the surplus can be used as justification to impose anthropogenic sources of mortality (power plants, fishing, pollution, etc.) on fish populations; otherwise, it is wasted. Surplus production is closely tied to the concept of compensation, a form of density-dependent mortality in which the mortality rate of a cohort is directly related to abundance of that cohort. Scientific arguments have been put forth in assessments of power plant impacts that compensation can at least partially offset impacts imposed by power plants. Although we cannot dismiss the existence of surplus production outright, since in some years environmental conditions are such that a surplus in reproductive effort may occur, we should be assessing the reproductive effort of fish populations in the context of the ecosystem in which they reside. In terms of addressing the risks of power plant mortality, we may be at a point in collection and analyses of biological data, coupled with a greater flexibility in managing power plant technology, to modulate the risks of power plant mortality on fish populations on a more-or-less real-time basis by taking into account environmental influences. For these reasons, assessments of power plant impacts should include analyses of predation forgone and production forgone.     

我国生态工业系统稳定性的结构型因素实证研究

在查阅国内外大量文献的基础上,提出了5个可能影响我国生态工业系统稳定性的结构型因素假设:关键种企业、成员距离、成员相互依赖程度、成员多样性、领导因素.并在全国47个生态工业系统进行统计实证研究加以证实.数据相关分析和回归分析结果表明:强有力的系统内部关键种企业、较少的成员交流障碍、较近的成员空间距离、多样化的成员企业主营业务等4个因素对我国生态工业系统稳定性有显著影响.对我国生态工业系统的发展提出了相应的政府决策建议.      

Biodegradation of azo dyes by genetically engineered azoreductase

A azoreductase gene with 537 bp was obtained by PCR amplification from Rhodobacter sphaeroides ASI. 1737. The enzyme,with a molecular weight of 18.7 kD, was efficiently expressed in Escherichia coli and its biodegradation characteristics for azo dyes were investigated. Furthermore, the reaction kinetics and mechanism of azo dyes catalyzed by the genetically engineered azoreductase were studied in detail. The presence of a hydrazo-intermediate was identified, which provided a convincing evidence for the assumption that azo dyes were degraded via an incomplete reduction stage.     

季节变化对海洋鱼体内EROD活性的影响

利用2001～2003年对大连大长山岛海域不同季节EROD活性的监测结果,分析了季节变化对海洋鱼体内EROD活性的影响.结果表明,春季海洋鱼体内EROD活性明显高于夏季和秋季.利用EROD活性进行海洋环境污染的监测,不宜选在背景值较高的春季进行.     

水母暴发的生物修复对策

近年来,霞水母(Cyanea nozakii)、口冠水母(Stomolophus nomurai)在我国的东海、黄海、渤海以及韩国、日本沿岸均出现过大范围暴发现象,且暴发次数、暴发范围以及持续时间呈上升趋势.本文分析了海域富营养化以及N、P营养盐比例失衡等为水母暴发的主要原因,在此基础上,提出了植树造林、防止水土流失;保护湿地,增殖植物,以吸收N、P等营养盐类;近岸增殖大型海藻等生物修复对策.     

微波消解-原子荧光法测定海洋沉积物中As的研究

研究了微波消解海洋沉积物中的As,在比较几种不同的酸消解体系后,得到适合海洋沉积物分析的酸消解体系.与传统的湿法消解比较,测试结果无显著性差异.微波消解具有快速高效、试剂用量少、空白值低、样品不易挥发等优点,已成为海洋沉积物样品前处理的有效手段.     

Non-UV based germicidal activity of metal-doped TiO2 coating on solid surfaces

A stain-based screening method was developed to screen different catalyst coatings for their germicidal activity. A Baclight dead/live bacteria viability kit （invitrogen, molecular probes） was used for staining the cell. The screening was carried out following a standard procedure. This included loading cell suspension to solid surface and maintaining contact for 30 min, then staining with a mixture containing dyes. The stained cells were observed using an epifluorescent microscope and photographed with a CCD camera under UV. Metal-doped TiO2 coatings on AI plates were prepared and tested for non-UV germicidal activity without using UV. It was tested using model microorganisms such as Bakers Yeast （Saccharomyces cerevisiae）, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas putida, and Escherichia coli. On the basis of the germicidal activity of catalyst and the degree of damage caused to the cells, the stained cells may appear green （viable）, green with red or yellow nuclei and yellow （compromised） or red （nonviable）. According to their stained color, cells were counted to calculate the percentage of dead, live, and compromised cells. Compromised cells are cells that grow very slowly after reculturing indicating a degree of reversible cell damage. Screening the germicidal activity using this staining method is accurate and efficient, and requires less time than the culture-based method. A modification to the procedure for measuring germicidal activity of rough surfaces or fibrous coatings was developed. Both TiO2 and metal-doped TiO2 （Ag, Pt, Au, Cu） possess non-UV based germicidal activity. The germicidal activity of TiO2 was found to be related with its wetting property and can be improved by UV irradiation before testing. It is not greatly affected by contact time, indicating a fast acting germicidal activity.