海洋盐沼环境中金属的行为研究

详细论述了海洋盐沼环境中金属的行为及其化学／物理影响因素,其中包括盐沼区域的划分、影响金属的因素、金属的行为、盐沼植物与金属的关系。指出,重金属对盐沼植物生物初期有一定程度的危害,利用某些盐沼植物可监测重金属的污染状况。     

论我国海洋环境监测中的几个问题

随着沿海经济的发展,一些海湾、河口污染加重,近海赤潮发生越来越频繁,造成的损失越来越大,海水养殖病害增多,甚至危害人类健康。为保护海洋环境,促进海洋经济发展,必须提高对海洋环境监测的认识,增加投入,加强“热点”海域的监测,减少海洋灾害的损失;加强海洋生物监测,避免潜伏的海洋灾害发生。      

我国海水养殖状况及渤海养殖治理成效分析

基于2016－2020年海水养殖统计数据和渤海综合治理攻坚战工作进展,本文分析了我国近岸海域和环渤海区域海水养殖变化趋势及渤海综合治理攻坚战成效。结果表明,渤海综合治理攻坚战在海水养殖方面取得了积极成效,环渤海三省一市海水养殖面积下降了7.7%,渤海区域清理整治非法和不符合分区管控要求的海水养殖超过7万公顷,渤海区域渔业产品捕捞量下降了40.7%。但是,环渤海区域集约化成效与全国沿海相比并不突出,全国海水养殖在面积下降的同时,产量增加8.8%,产值增加22.2%,环渤海三省一市在养殖面积下降幅度基本相同的情况下,产量降低0.6%,产值增加4.8%。生态环境问题仍然突出,环渤海三省一市约有5万公顷围海养殖位于海洋生态保护红线范围内,海水养殖尾水直接排放、超标排放情况普遍,有必要持续深入地加强监管。     

夏季环渤海主要入海河流溶解无机碳分布及入海通量估算

河口是连接陆地和海洋的关键通道,每年地表径流通过河口向陆架边缘海输入大量溶解无机碳,导致其碳源汇格局发生改变。本文分析了渤海夏季28条入海河流关键碳循环参数分布特征,估算了主要入海河流夏季溶解无机碳直接输入通量,莱州湾、辽东湾及渤海湾的溶解无机碳直接输入通量分别为0.66 TgC、0.44 TgC、0.17 TgC,直接汇入莱州湾的溶解无机碳通量超过50%,主要贡献来自黄河,另外,汇入辽东湾的大辽河及双台子河贡献了渤海河流溶解无机碳直接输入通量的20%。     

基于改进光谱角法的红树林高分遥感分类方法研究

传统影像分类方法多利用影像端元光谱进行地物分类,影像的空间结构信息被忽视,本研究结合面向对象分类方法思想以提高红树林遥感分类精度。本研究提出了一种结合端元类型选择、像元提纯等混合像元分解手段及分水岭图像分割算法的改进光谱角影像分类方法,并以山口红树林国家级自然保护区为研究区,利用GF-1号遥感影像数据,在光谱特征分析和地面调查的基础上,对红树林生态系统进行分类,并对分类精度进行分析。研究结果表明:改进的光谱角分类方法对GF-1影像分类效果较好,既兼顾地类光谱组成较复杂时的特殊性,又有效避免结果的破碎化现象,且总体精度达到95%（KAPPA系数0.944）,证明了其在红树林遥感影像分类及信息提取方面的应用潜力,为红树林生态系统业务化遥感监测奠定了基础。     

Unified wet deposition data summaries for North America: Data summary procedures and results for 1980–1986

This paper presents a framework for data quality assessment of annual and seasonal precipitation chemistry data summaries. Consideration has been to (i) using data from regional or national networks with established quality assurance/quality control programs and well documented network operation protocols, (ii) assessing regional representativeness of each sites, (iii) determining quantitative measures to define data completeness levels, and (iv) documenting the calculation procedures used to compute precipitation-weighted mean concentrations and wet deposition amount. The procedures described here are applied to data collected from 1980 to 1986 by five major acid deposition monitoring networks in North America and examples of annual sulfate deposition summaries are reported. It is recommended that the concepts of site representativeness, data completeness and overall data quality levels be adopted by the user community and routinely be reported along with a data summary. Further work on assesing accuracy and precision to accompany the data quality levels is recommended.     

用模糊数学对大连湾水质的评价研究

由于海域水环境系统的不确定性、随机性以及海域水质分级的模糊性,传统的海域水质评价方法如单因子评价法、综合污染指数法往往不能客观地反映海域水资源的质量状况。用模糊数学的方法对大连湾的水质环境质量进行评价,能够客观地分析出大连湾的污染状况,为合理规划、控制大连湾沿岸污染企业的污水排放提供科学依据,从而达到有计划地控制和治理海域污染,改善海域环境质量的目的。     

Mitigation paths for Chinese iron and steel industry to tackle global climate change

Based on a recognition of the essence of climate change and the pressure on China to reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, this paper interprets the important role that the Chinese iron and steel industry may play in managing emissions. Through an investigation of the key sources of GHG emissions in the Chinese iron and steel industry, a comparison of the current Chinese and international situations, and a survey of the technology and methods available for reducing GHG emissions, and their application in China, the authors analyze the major issues currently faced by the Chinese iron and steel industry, and propose the following four approaches through which the industry might reduce its GHG emissions: (1) encouragement of clean development mechanism (CDM) projects, mainly involving secondary energy reuse, to provide capital and technology for GHG reduction activities in China; (2) stimulation of the social responsibility-based voluntary carbon market (VCM) to increase the long-term benefits for the Chinese iron and steel industry from emission reductions; (3) undertaking of strict energy auditing to help enterprises establish appropriate emission reduction targets and formulate reasonable plans; (4) promotion of emission reduction-oriented investment within the industry to obtain profits from project operation, while at the same time gaining extra compensation for emission reductions. More specifically, the design of each of these approaches should take into consideration the related economic factors and incentive mechanisms.     

摇动床缺氧-好氧工艺处理渔业加工废水试验研究

试验采用摇动床缺氧-好氧工艺处理渔业加工废水,研究结果表明,摇动床缺氧-好氧工艺对污染物去除效果良好,在BOD₅容积负荷为1.5 kg/(m³·d),HRT=5.9～4.7 h,硝化液回流比为1.0的条件下,系统进水中COD、TN和NH⁺₄-N的平均值分别为543.1、72.1和63.6 mg/L时,去除率分别达到93.6%、72.7%和98.9%,出水平均浓度值分别为34.1、19.5和0.7 mg/L,达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002) 一级标准。试验期间MLSS最高可达到17 425 mg/L,同时保持SVI在50～70 mL/g的低范围内,污泥沉降性能良好。通过显微镜观察,反应器中生物种类多样,从而保证了摇动床系统极低的污泥产率(MLSS/CODremoval为0.1891),实现了污泥减量。     

长江口纹缟虾虎鱼的繁殖生物学特征

研究了长江口水域纹缟虾虎鱼的繁殖生物学。结果如下：(1)纹缟虾虎鱼雌雄亲鱼间形态学特征具有差异,肥满度分别为347±036与217±052,体长/体高、体长/头长、头长/眼径、头长/眼间距等比值存在极显著差异;(2)纹缟虾虎鱼产卵期为3~7月份,盛产期为4~6月份。绝对生殖力平均为12 6892粒,体长相对生殖力平均为2069粒/mm;(3)纹缟虾虎鱼成熟的卵为球形,卵径0482~0606 mm,卵中油球数量10~200个,精子较小,由圆形头部和细长尾部（鞭毛）两个部分组成;(4)纹缟虾虎鱼产卵受精一般在洞穴内进行,而且雄鱼具有护卵习性;(5)纹缟虾虎鱼受精卵呈梨形或者梭形,卵膜端具有由粘丝组成的附着盘,动物极靠近附着盘。纹缟虾虎鱼人工催产与自然繁殖时的受精率分别为7858%与8384%。在17~25℃范围内,纹缟虾虎鱼胚胎均能孵出仔鱼,随着水温上升发育速度加快,温度与孵化时间呈正相关关系,有效积温为3 1283 h·℃。长江口水域生态环境变动可能对纹缟虾虎鱼繁殖及其资源量产生一定影响。