Diffusion pollution from livestock and poultry rearing in the Yangtze Delta,China

BACKGROUND: The Yangtze Delta is one of the most developed regions in China and includes Shanghai, eight cities in Jiangsu province and eight cities in Zhejiang province. Meat consumption in this region has increased with economic growth, and most of the consumed meat is produced locally. The water quality of surface waters has deteriorated in recent years. An example was the huge blue-green algae bloom in Tai Lake in late May 2007, which affected millions of people's daily drinking water. However, animal husbandry is considered to be one of the main pollution sources. METHODS: Pollutants (NH3-N, total phosphorus (TP), and total nitrogen (TN)) excreted by livestock and poultry, and the resultant COD (chemical oxygen demand) and BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), were estimated using two different methods based on different data sets. RESULTS: The number of livestock and poultry has remained stable in the Yangtze Delta over the four years from 1999 to 2002, with the average number of pigs, cattle, sheep and poultry being 21.1 M, 0.4 M, 7.7 M and 597.6 M, respectively. Pollutants in livestock and poultry excreta estimated by Method I were: 0.12 Mt NH3-N, 0.11 Mt TP and 0.29 Mt TN, resulting in COD and BOD of 1.34 Mt and 1.30 Mt, respectively, while the estimations based on Method II were: 0.18 Mt NH3-N, 0.15 Mt TP and 0.40 Mt TN, resulting in COD and BOD of 1.95 Mt and 1.80 Mt, respectively. DISCUSSION: Pollutants excreted annually by livestock and poultry in the Yangtze Delta are estimated to be: 0.17 Mt NH3-N, 0.16 Mt TP and 0.42 Mt TN, giving rise to a COD of 1.86 Mt and a BOD of 1.72 Mt. Approximately 25% of this pollution was estimated to enter water bodies, which means that the annual pollutant load is 43,700 t NH3-N, 39,400 tTP, 104,600t TN with a COD of 465,000 tand a BOD of 430,100 t. Pollutants from animal husbandry were similar in magnitude to those from industrial wastewater. Pigs produced the most pollution, followed by poultry, cattle and sheep. The pollution load from animal husbandry in the Yangtze Delta is about twice the average level of the whole of China. CONCLUSIONS: Domestic wastewater was the main pollution source in the Yangtze Delta, followed by pollution from raising livestock and poultry and from industrial wastewater. The pollution load in Shanghai and Jiaxing were the greatest, followed by 7 cities of Jiangsu province (except Suzhou) and other cities of Zhejiang province and Suzhou. Pigs and poultry produced about 90% of the total pollutants from animal husbandry. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: The local governments, especially in Shanghai and Jiaxing, should focus their attention on the pollution produced by livestock and poulrry. Controlling pollution from pigs and poultry will have the greatest impact in this region. Control of pollution will be facilitated by the development of large-scale livestock and poultry farming units and a shift away from small scale husbandry.     

镧改性膨润土对底泥内源磷控制效果

以商业化的锁磷材料—镧改性膨润土(Phoslock?)为对象,研究了Phoslock?对磷的吸附动力学和等温线,同时研究了材料对上覆水体以及底泥内源磷释放的控制效果.结果表明,Phoslock?对磷的吸附可以用Langmuir模型拟合,相关性达到0.96,模型计算磷的最大吸附量为10.4mgP/g,且磷吸附符合拟一级和...     

南京市城郊蔬菜生产基地有机氯农药残留特征

以网格法在南京市无公害蔬菜生产基地八卦洲采集70个土壤样品,用加速溶剂萃取、固相萃取柱净化后GC-μECD测定土壤中有机氯农药(α-HCH,β-HCH,γ-HCH和δ-HCH以及o,p'-DDT,p,p'-DDT,o,p'-DDE,p,p'-DDE 和p,p'-DDD)残留量.结果表明,土壤中有机氯农药残留总量在6.18～84.72 μg·kg-1之间,平均18.63 μg·kg-1.DDT残留量高于HCH,为3.36～74.19 μg·kg-1,平均12.61 μg·kg-1.土壤中HCH残留量为2.48～17.80 μg·kg-1,平均6.02 μg·kg-1.DDT同系物中以p,p'-DDE和p,p'-DDT为主,而HCH中δ-HCH含量较低,其他3种异构体含量水平相当.所有土样中DDT和HCH残留量均远远低于GB/T 18407 无公害蔬菜产地土壤标准限定值500 μg·kg-1,但大多数土样中DDT和HCH残留量远远高于荷兰无污染土壤标准.     

大气CO2浓度增高对不同供氮水平下水稻生长和化感物质释放的影响

利用开放式空气CO2浓度升高(free air carbon-dioxide enrichment,FACE)平台中的水培试验,研究了低氮(LN:10 mg·L-1)和高氮(HN:30 mg·L-1)水平下,大气CO2浓度升高对化感与非化感水稻(Oryza sativa L.)品种的生长、碳氮比(C/N)和化感物质含量的影响,并分析了CO2浓度升高条件下水稻C/N和化感物质含量间的相互关系.结果表明:CO2浓度升高对化感(PI)与非化感水稻品种(秀水)的生长均有极显著促进作用.CO2浓度升高后,LN条件下水稻C/N显著增加,HN条件下则无显著变化.CO2浓度升高后化感水稻品种次生代谢物质含量增加,特征化感物质含量增加,非化感品种的这种变化不显著.化感水稻品种C/N分别与次生代谢物质含量和特征化感物质含量之间呈显著正相关关系.     

基于开发需求的安徽沿江地区生态经济分区

从压力、状态和人类响应3个方面,构建了生态经济分区指标体系,结合经济开发需求的评价结果,以县(市、城区)为基本评价单元,利用主成分分析与系统聚类的方法,根据自上而下的专家定性评估,遵循空间邻近性原则,将安徽沿江地区划分为7个生态经济类型,即:合肥污染防治与城镇生态优化区、巢滁湖泊湿地保护与平原生态农业区、马芜铜宣工业污染防治与城镇生态优化区、宣南生态农业与水土保持区、安庆平原农业与湿地生态保护区、池州森林保育与生态农业区以及皖西水源保护与森林保育区.     

武汉东湖秋季水体中光合自氧生物膜的生长特性

利用一种自行设计的光合自氧生物膜采样装置,在武汉东湖(重富营养化湖泊)20和100 cm水深处自然培养和收集光合自氧生物膜,研究其生长发育及活性特点.结果表明:富营养化水体中光合自氧生物膜生长经历了潜伏适应期、增长期、脱落期和恢复生长期4个阶段;光合自氧生物膜生物量、胞外多糖含量、COD含量和脱氢酶活性随培养时间延长呈稳定增长趋势;20 cm水深处光合自氧生物膜生长总体上快于100 cm水深处,并且其生物量和活性也较高;光合自氧生物膜的生理特征与一般天然水体中生长的相似,说明重富营养化水体对生物膜的胁迫作用不明显.     

2种水稻土中Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的解吸动力学

用一次平衡法研究了2种水稻土表面吸附态Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的解吸动力学行为及柠檬酸和酒石酸对2种重金属离子解吸的影响。结果表明,虽然2种土壤对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附量比Cu(Ⅱ)高得多,但无论在单一重金属体系还是Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)共存体系中,Cu(Ⅱ)的解吸量均大于Pb(Ⅱ),湖州水稻土Cu(Ⅱ)的解吸量大于嘉兴水稻土,说明土壤对重金属离子的吸附亲和力越大,吸附的重金属离子越不易解吸。用E lovich方程拟合动力学数据可以获得比较满意的结果。解吸速率与时间的关系曲线表明,Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的解吸速率随时间的增加迅速减小。Cu(Ⅱ)的解吸速率大于Pb(Ⅱ),柠檬酸和酒石酸不仅使重金属的解吸量增加,而且使Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的解吸速率大大提高。2种有机酸对Cu(Ⅱ)解吸的促进作用大于Pb(Ⅱ),柠檬酸的促进作用大于酒石酸。     

长期不同施肥处理对红壤水稻土酶活性及微生物群落功能多样性的影响

江西红壤生态试验站长期定位试验中不同施肥处理红壤水稻土酶活性及微生物群落功能多样性的研究结果表明,不同施肥条件下土壤酶活性及微生物群落功能多样性差异较大,土壤脲酶和脱氢酶活性可以作为土壤肥力的指标。经过20 a施肥管理及水稻种植,土壤酶活性及生物量有很大提高;但是B IOLOGTM生态测试板测定结果显示,施肥使微生物生物群落物种丰富度有所减少,施P土壤酶活性、微生物群落功能多样性均大于未施P土壤,采用秸秆还田处理的群落物种均一性高于未采用秸秆还田处理。     

江苏省沿江开发区空间分工、制造业集聚与转移

基于新经济地理学相关理论，针对江苏省沿江开发战略实施以后，制造业空间可能存在的变动，在整理和分析调查问卷资料的基础上，选择专业化指数和基尼系数2种方法来定量分析江苏省21个沿江省级以上开发区空间分工、制造业集聚和转移态势。结果表明：（1）2002~2006年江南沿江开发区通过向江北沿江开发区转移部分传统产业，逐渐形成了江南沿江技术/资本密集型制造业“中心”和江北沿江劳动密集型制造业“外围”的空间分工格局；（2）江南沿江开发区内部、江北沿江开发区内部尚未形成良好的分工关系；（3）受开发区发展阶段、区域产业政策、本地化资源供给和市场需求等因素影响，并未发现理论预期的普遍存在的产业集聚现象，仅纺织服装、石化、电力、塑料橡胶等产业呈现集中趋势.     

沉积物再悬浮对沉水植物生长的影响研究

通过室内模拟实验,研究了沉积物再悬浮对苦草(Vallisneria natans)和马来眼子菜(Potomogeton malaianus)2种沉水植物生长的影响.为期10周的实验发现,有沉积物再悬浮的处理组中,苦草的生物量显著低于对照组中(没有沉积物再悬浮)苦草的生物量;同样,沉积物再悬浮对苦草的分蘖和块茎数也产生了明显的影响;马来眼子菜的生物量和分蘖数同样受到了沉积物再悬浮的影响,但影响程度小于苦草.因此,沉积物再悬浮对沉水植物的生长、繁殖具有的抑制作用,但这种作用因种类不同而有所差异.