废水产氢产酸/同型产乙酸耦合产酸条件优化

为了更好地发挥产氢产酸/同型产乙酸耦合系统在废水厌氧发酵生产乙酸方面的优势,有必要寻找一种简单有效的方法以获得该系统产酸的优化条件.利用经过加热处理并活化的厌氧污泥作种泥,以模拟废水中的葡萄糖为底物,针对发酵时间、底物浓度、种泥浓度、初始pH进行4因素10水平均匀设计实验,得到了乙酸生产指标与产酸条件之间关系的回归方程;也得到了以高乙酸产量为主要目标导向同时兼顾高乙酸产率和高乙酸生产强度目标的优化条件;优化条件实验乙酸浓度比均匀设计中最高乙酸浓度提高20%左右.研究表明,将均匀设计应用于废水产氢产酸/同型产乙酸耦合产酸条件优化,可以避免盲目性,迅速获得满意结果.     

死菌DNA对厌氧消化污泥中抗生素抗性基因及微生物群落分析的干扰

为评估死菌DNA对厌氧消化污泥抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)和微生物群落分析的潜在干扰,本研究对3种不同类型厌氧消化污泥进行叠氮溴化丙锭(PMA)处理,比较在PMA屏蔽死菌DNA PCR扩增情况下污泥ARGs和微生物群落分析结果与未经PMA处理情况下的差异.结果表明,经PMA处理后,剩余污泥自厌氧消化样品和高含固厌氧消化污泥样品中的ARGs丰度分别下降了41%～86%和74%～98%;污泥水解液厌氧消化15 d后的污泥样品中ARGs下降幅度相对较小,但降幅最高也达到34%.PMA处理对3个来源不同的厌氧消化污泥微生物群落组成分析结果呈现不同程度的影响,对高含固厌氧消化污泥的微生物群落结构分析影响最为显著.在经PMA处理与未经PMA处理两种情况下,厌氧消化污泥ARGs与微生物群落组成相关性分析的结果也截然不同.研究证明了死菌DNA对厌氧消化污泥ARGs和微生物群落分析的潜在干扰,采用PMA预处理能够更准确地反映厌氧消化污泥中的微生物群落及菌体携带ARGs的特征.     

Treatment of landfill leachate by electrochemical oxidation and anaerobic process.

The removal performance of typical refractory organic compounds in landfill leachate was investigated during the electrochemical (EC) oxidation and anaerobic process combined treatment system in this paper. The results indicated that the treatment of landfill leachate by the combined system was highly effective. The toxicity of leachate was notably decreased after the electrochemical oxidation process and the biodegradability was improved. The concentration of the organic acid with low molecular weight in the leachate increased from 28% to 90% based on the biodegradability assays after the EC oxidation process. The anaerobic digestion could further remove the residual organic compounds. At a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 16 hours and an organic loading rate (OLR) of 8 kg COD/m3 d, the concentration of COD, SS, ALK, VA, N-TKN, N-NH4+ and P-PO4(3)- [corrected] in UASB effluent were 532, 12, 6744, 400, 540, 455 and 11.6 mg/L, respectively, with approximately 90% removal efficiency of COD. The organic compounds in the landfill leachate revealed different degradation characteristics in the combined system. p-chloroaniline, bisphenol A, 6-methyl-2-phenyl-quinoline, dimethylnaphthaline and N'-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenyl)-N-cyclohexyformamidine, classified into the first group in this paper, were completely removed by the EC oxidation and did not reappear in the effluent of the UASB reactor. Phenylacetic acid, 3-methyl-indole and N-cyclohexyl-acetamide, called the second group, were completely removed, but reappeared in the UASB reactor. 4-methyl-phenol, 3,4-dihydroisoquinoline, 2(3H)-benzothiazolone, exo-2-hydroxycineole and benzothiazole, the third group, were degraded little in the EC oxidation process, but extensively removed by the anaerobic process. Benzoic acid, benzenepropanoic acid and 2-cyano-3,5-dimethyl-1-hydroxypyrrole, the fourth group, concentration obviously increased in the EC process, but was completely removed in the UASB reactor. The content of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) markedly increased from 0.68% in the leachate to 16.18% in the effluent from the electrochemical oxidation process (EC(effl)). In addition, the degradation rate of organic compounds from the landfill leachate was different in the EC oxidation and anaerobic process.     

Source identification of atmospheric PCBs in Philadelphia/Camden using positive matrix factorization followed by the potential source contribution function

The concentrations of gas-phase polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the atmosphere of the Camden, NJ, USA are elevated by as much as 20 times over regional background. These high PCB levels are a concern because they lead to atmospheric deposition loadings of PCBs to the tidal Delaware River that exceed the entire total maximum daily load (TMDL). Two models were applied to the atmospheric PCB concentration data from Camden in an attempt to identify the PCB source types and regions. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was used to identify the source types. Four factors were identified which are thought to represent sources such as volatilized Aroclors and particle-phase PCBs. The potential source contribution function (PSCF) model was then used to identify the geographic source regions by examining the origination points for air parcels that result in high PCB concentrations at the Camden receptor site. The PSCF model for ΣPCBs indicates PCB source regions throughout the Philadelphia–Camden metro area, including portions of both Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The PSCF plots for the resolved PMF factors suggest that factors 1–4 show fewer distinct source regions, indicating that their sources are diffuse and/or lie very close to the receptor site. The PSCF plots for factors 2 and 3 reveal very different source regions. Factor 2 primarily arises from the city of Philadelphia, whereas factor 3 originates in southern New Jersey and south of Philadelphia. This study demonstrates the utility of the combined PMF/PSCF approach in identifying atmospheric PCB source types and regions.     

倒置A2/O工艺运行效果及优化控制方案

以城市污水处理厂倒置A2/O工艺为研究对象,介绍了工艺基本情况、主要工艺设计参数及技术特点。对2017—2018年污水处理厂出水的水质进行分析,结果表明:倒置A2/O工艺可有效去除COD及BOD₅,脱氮除磷功能显著。并提出了碳源投加点位、污泥外回流比及曝气池末端DO的优化控制方案。夏、秋季节,控制污泥外回流比为60%~75%、硝化液回流比为100%~150%、曝气池末端ρ（DO）为1.5~3.0 mg/L;冬、春季节控制污泥外回流比为120%~150%、硝化液回流比为200%~250%、曝气池末端ρ（DO）为3.0~5.0 mg/L,可获得较好的污染物去除效果。污水出水ρ（COD）均值为26.1 mg/L,去除率为90.4%;出水ρ（TN）均值为7.69 mg/L,去除率为78.1%;出水ρ（NH₄+-N）均值为0.445 mg/L,去除率为98.3%。通过改变除磷药剂投加点位及建设药剂自动化投加系统的方式优化除磷,实际投加量为2.5 t/d,节省了药剂费用,出水ρ（TP）均值为0.194 mg/L,去除率为96.7%。     

瘤胃微生物强化醋糟厌氧消化及其机制

针对醋糟中木质纤维素利用效率低的问题,通过接种瘤胃微生物可强化木质纤维素水解.采用逐步提升体系有机负荷的方式,考察瘤胃微生物生物强化对醋糟厌氧消化性能的提升效果,并运用绝对定量实时聚合酶链锁反应（Q-PCR）技术探究其微生物学强化机制.结果表明:长期连续运行成功塑造了高效的木质纤维素瘤胃强化体系.该体系的最高有机负荷达8.90 g/（L·d）（以VS计）,是强化前的1.53倍,该有机负荷下半纤维素和纤维素降解率分别达73.9%和40.1%,单位质量底物沼气和甲烷产量相应地分别达到451和261 mL/g（以VS计）,半纤维素和纤维素较高的降解率是该体系维持高产气性能的主要原因.生物相机制研究表明,瘤胃微生物强化体系中与木质纤维素水解密切相关的GH5（糖苷水解酶家族5）水解菌逐步富集,其基因拷贝数从初始的964×1010 copies/g升至最高有机负荷下的6.83×1011 copies/g,这是底物在高有机负荷下仍能被高效生物转化的根本原因.研究显示,瘤胃微生物的介入可有效强化体系底物的降解能力,促进醋糟产甲烷性能的提升.      

臭氧氧化工艺对污水处理厂二级出水的处理特性

城镇污水处理厂深度处理单元采用臭氧氧化和臭氧催化氧化工艺可对溶解性难降解有机物进行强化去除。针对臭氧氧化的选择性和臭氧催化氧化去除COD的稳定性,以污水处理厂二级出水为研究对象进行臭氧氧化小试和中试试验,考察不同进水水质情况下臭氧氧化的效果,臭氧氧化后污水可生化性和NH₃-N的变化情况以及臭氧催化氧化去除COD的稳定性。研究结果表明:臭氧氧化对不同水质进水COD的去除效果差异较大,对含有较多饱和有机酸的污水处理效果有限,且臭氧氧化处理后污水BOD₅和NH₃-N均未升高。臭氧催化氧化去除COD的效果与催化剂的吸附饱和程度相关。因此,建议设计城镇污水处理厂臭氧氧化和臭氧催化氧化工艺前需进行小试实验明确对COD的去除效果,臭氧催化氧化小试实验需进行90 d以上或试验至臭氧催化剂达到吸附饱和,不建议在臭氧氧化工艺后增设生物滤池和曝气生物滤池。     

城镇污水处理厂活性污泥反硝化速率的影响因素及优化运行研究

反硝化过程是影响污水处理厂出水总氮达标排放的重要环节之一,进水碳源、回流比、溶解氧（DO）和搅拌方式等均为影响活性污泥反硝化性能的重要因素。通过对太湖流域58座污水处理厂提标改造的运行效果进行评估分析,并对水质波动规律、工艺设计及设备设施等方面进行调研及优化分析,研究了不同条件对活性污泥反硝化速率的影响,探讨了污水处理厂在实际生产运行中反硝化脱氮过程主要存在的问题及对策。结果表明:各厂反硝化速率在0~5.18 mg NO₃--N/（g VSS·h）时,平均反硝化速率为1.40 mg NO₃--N/（g VSS·h）,进水碳源浓度较低为各个污水处理厂反硝化速率较低的主要原因。其中外加碳源的种类、投加点位对反硝化脱氮具有较大的影响,在各厂进水中投加易降解碳源并保持较高的搅拌速率后,发现反硝化潜力为1.16~20.80 mg NO₃--N/（g VSS·h）,表明改善进水水质并创造较好的反硝化条件,有利于整体反硝化水平的提升。此外,充分的搅拌条件也可增强污泥的反硝化性能。另外,选择合适的内回流比可以有效强化生物反硝化脱氮性能,但内回流中高DO对反硝化影响较大,降低回流DO可以有效提高NO₃--N去除量。     

城镇污水处理厂一级A标准运行评估与再提标重难点分析

截至2019年底,全国共有2913座城镇污水处理厂执行GB 18918-2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》的一级A标准,占全国城镇污水处理厂总数的53.2%,一级A标准已成为目前国内城镇污水处理厂执行最广泛的排放标准。通过对近6年太湖流域204座执行一级A标准污水处理厂的深入调研,结合全国100多座污水处理厂的全流程分析工作成果,首先系统评估了执行一级A标准的城镇污水处理厂的运行成效,其中太湖流域城镇污水处理厂在一级A提标改造后由于进水量的不断增加和出水浓度的不断降低,污染物削减总量显著提高,对太湖流域有机物、氮、磷减排及太湖富营养化控制做出了积极贡献。然后总结了城镇污水处理厂在运行过程中的常见问题,在进水水质、工艺设计、设备设施选择和维护以及活性污泥功能菌群性能调控等方面仍有进一步完善和优化空间,并提出了针对性的优化运行措施。最后重点探讨新一轮提标改造工作的重难点和对策,提出在新一轮提标改造中,应当重视污水收集系统的提质增效,提高管网质量和输送效率,并建议提标改造前先开展现有工艺的全流程分析,再在此基础上确定采取工艺优化或工程措施。     

高工业废水占比城镇污水处理厂COD提标技术比选与分析

废水中含有浓度高、成分复杂的溶解性难降解有机物,是目前许多进水中工业废水占比较高的城镇污水处理厂在新一轮提标改造中遇到的难题。以太湖流域4座进水含高比例难降解工业废水的污水处理厂为研究对象,分析水解酸化及多种污水深度处理技术对于化学需氧量（COD）的去除效果。结果表明:水解酸化技术可在一定程度上提高废水的可生化性,且添加填料能够起到促进效果;混凝沉淀、膜过滤两种深度处理技术对于可溶解性难降解COD的去除率仅为30%~35%;臭氧氧化技术对于部分溶解性难降解有机物的矿化能力较差,因此其受进水中有机物种类的影响较大;活性炭对有机物的吸附具有普遍性,去除效果较好,在空床水力停留时间（hydraulic retention time,HRT）为10 min的情况下,活性炭吸附废水中溶解性难降解有机物后,发现出水COD稳定低于20 mg/L,但该工艺运行成本较高,且需考虑活性炭的再生及处置问题。因此COD深度处理工艺的选择应基于进水水质情况,在小试及中试规模试验可行的前提下进行充分的技术论证,并综合考虑建设、运行、占地、高程等因素来选择合适的提标改造技术。