Strategies for assessing and reducing inherent occupational health hazard and risk based on process information

Over the last few decades, the concept of inherent occupational health has gained increasing attention to reduce occupational hazards that may adversely impact workers’ health. In order to assess occupational hazards in the chemical process, different inherent occupational health assessment methods have been developed at the early stages of process development and design. The methods in the order of process information availability – ranging from the detailed piping and instrumentation diagrams to a simple sketch of process concepts are the: occupational health index (OHI), health quotient index (HQI) and inherent occupational health index (IOHI). This paper proposes systematic heuristic frameworks to assist process designers and engineers in assessing and reducing inherent occupational health hazards or risks based on process information availability. Strategies for reducing health hazards or risks in the OHI, HQI and IOHI methods based on inherently safer design (ISD) keywords of minimization, substitution, moderation and simplification are included in this study. It is worth mentioning that the proposed frameworks act as guidelines for design engineers in systematically selecting the appropriate index and methodology to assess and reduce health hazards/risks based on the availability of the process information. A case study is solved to illustrate the proposed framework.     

Preparation of iodine doped titanium dioxide to photodegrade aqueous bisphenol A under visible light

Highly photoactive iodine-doped titanium dioxide (I-doped TiO₂) photocatalysts were synthesized to degrade aqueous bisphenol A (BPA) under irradiation by visible light and sunlight. The band gap energies of TiO₂ and I-doped TiO₂ (I/Ti mole ratio = 0.5%) were 3.01 and 3.04, and the BPA photodegradation rate constants were 1.61, and 5.11 h⁻¹, respectively. The most probable reaction mechanism was proposed to involve IO₄⁻ and IO₃⁻ as electron acceptors that generate an inductive effect, increasing the photocatalytic efficiency of TiO₂. Results indicated that I-doped TiO₂ not only acted favorably as a photocatalyst, but also exhibited considerable mineralization effects. In addition, a recycling test after ten experiments demonstrated the stability and reusability of the photocatalyst.     

水环境中腐殖酸的荷电特性与聚集特性

通过腐殖酸的Zeta电位和粒径的变化规律研究,探讨化学条件对腐殖酸的荷电状态和聚集状态的影响。结果表明,腐殖酸具有自我凝聚的特性;在pH较低和溶液离子强度较高时,腐殖酸胶粒的Zeta电位绝对值减小而聚合度增大,从而使腐殖酸胶粒聚集而凝聚;随腐殖酸浓度增大,腐殖酸胶粒的Zeta电位绝对值增大,腐殖酸胶粒的缩聚程度降低而使粒径减小。     

Social forestry projects—an approach to evaluation

This paper aims to evaluate social forestry projects with explicit distribution, management and design considerations built into the analysis. This approach eliminates the need for giving weights to parts of the output accruing to different sections of society. Attention is focused on the evolution of institutions that ensure that project output/input shall accrue to different social groups. For the specific project analysed, rates of return to the project authority and to society are calculated. It is found that a divergence of interests between the two may exist. This can be minimized by correct selection of design and a system of cost sharing based on people's participation.     

原料材质、产品类型及生产工序对印染废水产生特性的影响研究

选取嘉兴市82家印染企业,针对棉、毛、化纤3种典型原材料,研究了织物、纱线、纤维产品在前处理、染色和印花等工段的废水产生量和水质,基于产污强度算法估算了各印染工序的废水产污强度.结果表明：棉、毛、化纤织物印染废水总产生强度分别为90.21、206.02、109.66 L·kg^-1织物,漂洗为废水主要产生工序.印染各工段化学需氧量（COD）产生强度普遍较高,特别是棉、化纤织物前处理工段COD产生强度高达136.98和131.67 g·kg^-1织物.印染部分工序氮、磷产污强度高,如棉、毛、化纤织物的洗网废水总氮（TN）产生强度为4.98、1.25、2.21 g·kg^-1织物,棉纤维、毛织物和毛纱线的染色工序总磷（TP）产生强度为0.28、0.18、0.18 g·kg^-1产品,还有棉、化纤的洗网废水TP产生强度为0.30、0.15 g·kg^-1产品.利用产污强度及治理设施削减系数估算得出的印染企业各废水污染物排放量,与污染物在线监测数据相比较,相对误差低于30%;将本研究所得各产污强度与第二次全国污染源普查产污系数比较,除印花工段外,两者相对偏差均低于20%.本研究获得的印染行业各产污节点特征和产污强度,可为印染行业的环境精细化管理和产污节点管控提供数据支撑.     

基于斑马鱼和发光细菌评估制革废水毒性及其削减效率

随着制革工业在我国的迅速发展,其导致的环境污染问题也逐渐受到人们的广泛关注。为评价制革废水的生物毒性以及处理工艺对毒性的削减效率,选择费氏弧菌、明亮发光杆菌、斑马鱼幼鱼及其胚胎作为受试生物,分析了制革废水的急性毒性和发育毒性,比较了不同受试生物对制革废水毒性的敏感性,并结合理化指标对废水的毒性削减进行了评估。结果表明:不同受试生物的敏感性大小为斑马鱼胚胎明亮发光杆菌斑马鱼幼鱼费氏弧菌明亮发光杆菌斑马鱼胚胎斑马鱼幼鱼费氏弧菌;发光菌及斑马鱼幼鱼急性毒性实验结果表明,制革废水经过整个工艺处理后,废水的急性毒性已降至检测线以下,即0TUa;斑马鱼胚胎毒性实验结果表明,经过处理的制革废水仍存在急性毒性,基础毒性当量为0.5 TUa,同时还对胚胎的发育存在一定影响,对胚胎孵化及畸形的毒性当量分别为0.7 TUa和0.13 TUa。综上可知,处理后的制革废水对环境的影响已得到初步的有效控制,但仍需进一步处理以达到更大程度削减毒性的目的。     

国家级经济技术开发区发展绩效及时空演变分析

国家级经济技术开发区(简称“经开区”)是我国改革开放的排头兵,历经近40年发展,已成为我国经济发展和落实区域高质量发展战略的重要支撑. 本文构建了涵盖经开区整体和个体的绩效评价体系,以资源产出率、污染物排放强度和生态效率指标表征发展绩效,定量分析了经开区发展绩效时序变化和生态效率的空间分异. 结果表明:①2007—2017年,经开区新鲜水耗、4种常规污染物(COD、NH₃-N、SO₂、NO_x)排放均与经济发展呈相对脱钩. 2017年经开区能源和水资源产出率分别是全国工业能源和水资源产出率的1.2和3.5倍,COD、SO₂、NO_x排放强度是全国工业排放强度的72%、53%、52%. ②经开区绝对经济规模两极分化程度不断缓解,对地区经济影响力整体上升. 空间分布上,经开区绝对经济规模大的城市从东部沿海进一步拓展到长江流域的中西部地区. ③运用数据包络法分析190家经开区的生态效率并识别出典型的投入冗余和产出不足,为经开区精准施策奠定基础. 全国仅10%的经开区生态效率为1,污染物排放、温室气体排放、工业能耗冗余是影响生态效率的主要原因. 东部地区经开区生态效率平均值为0.35,大于中部地区(0.28)和西部地区(0.26). 研究显示,不同地区经开区GDP差异较大,未来要加强不同地区经开区协作提高内生动力;为进一步提高经开区生态效率,需结合研究识别出影响生态效率的关键因素,开展针对性提质增效工作. 在经开区实施能耗、水耗以及碳排放总量和强度的“双控”行动;同时,在稳定末端治理成效基础上着力强化全过程和系统优化,深化源头降碳减污.      

基于荧光传感器Frex的特性检测水质环境中生物毒性物质

发光菌作为水环境生物毒性监控的有效手段,近年来越来越得到重视.本实验利用基因工程技术,将Frex荧光蛋白重组到大肠杆菌中,并通过测定菌体内NADH水平所引起的荧光强度变化,来监测水体中有毒物质对微生物代谢的影响,从而实现实时毒性监控.实验完成了Frex荧光蛋白在大肠杆菌中的正确表达,研究了培养温度、诱导时间及IPTG浓度等不同条件对Frex融合蛋白表达量和荧光活性的影响.将此重组荧光发光菌初步应用于环境水体中有毒物质的检测研究,选取氯化汞、苯酚、重铬酸钾、硫酸锌等4种国际荧光发光菌生物毒性检测标准物质进行检测,结果表明毒性物质均能对菌体的荧光产生一定的催灭作用.该毒物测试手段分别具有反应速度快和灵敏度高等特性.同时,实验优化了该重组菌应用于生物毒性检测试验的条件,为后续的应用研究提供了一定的实验基础,拓展了荧光发光菌在其他方面的适用范围.     

利用狭形小桩藻净化猪场养殖污水的研究

在实验室条件下利用狭形小桩藻(Characium angustum)SHOU-F87开展为期23 d的猪场养殖污水净化试验.结果表明:狭形小桩藻在高压灭菌及有效氯消毒的养殖污水中均生长良好.高压灭菌养殖污水中氮磷的去除率随着狭形小桩藻接种密度的增加而升高,在200×104,400×104和600×104cells·mL-1的接种密度下,污水的总氮去除率分别为41.68%,55.54%和64.32%;氨态氮去除率分别为96.88%,96.74%和96.83%;硝态氮去除率分别为3.98%,32.86%和49.13%;总磷去除率分别为90.60%,95.88%和94.69%.在接种密度为600×104cells·mL-1时,与在高压灭菌污水中相比,狭形小桩藻在有效氯消毒污水中具有更高的总氮和硝态氮去除率(p0.05);氨态氮和总磷的去除率无显著差异(p0.05).利用猪场养殖污水培养的狭形小桩藻蛋白含量为30.94%-33.67%,且含有丰富的亚麻酸(18∶3n-3)和n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3PUFA).狭形小桩藻具备净化猪场养殖污水同时生产出单细胞蛋白源及水产动物饲料添加剂的潜在开发价值.     

Radiation induced decomposition of a refractory cefathiamidine intermediate

Diisopropylthiourea（DPT）, an intermediate of a widely used cephalosporin, has been found to be one of the most refractory components in cephalosporin synthesis wastewater.This compound cannot be completely removed by conventional biological processes due to its antimicrobial property. Ionizing radiation has been applied in the decomposition of refractory pollutants in recent years and has proved effective. Therefore, the decomposition of DPT by γ-irradiation was studied. The compound was irradiated at the dose of 150–2000 Gy before a change of concentration and UV absorption of the solutions was detected.Furthermore, the decomposition kinetics and radiation yield（G-value） of DPT was investigated. The results of radiation experiments on DPT-containing aqueous showed that the DPT can be effectively degraded by γ-radiation. DPT concentration decreased with increasing absorbed doses. G-values of radiolytic decomposition for DPT（20 mg/L） were 1.04 and 0.47 for absorbed doses of 150 and 2000 Gy, respectively. The initial concentration and p H of the solutions affected the degradation. As the concentration of substrate increased,the decomposition was reduced. The decrease of removal rate and radiation efficacy under alkaline condition suggested that lower p H values benefit the γ-induced degradation. UV absorption from 190 to 250 nm decreased after radiation while that from 250 to 300 nm increased, indicating the formation of by-products.