室温下厌氧膜生物反应器处理生活污水的运行特性

为进一步改善农村、小城镇等分散型区域生活污水的处理现状,搭建了一套外置浸没式厌氧膜生物反应器（anaerobic membrane bioreactor,AnMBR）处理实际生活污水,在室温（18~37 ℃）下运行288 d,优化HRT为12~14 h。进水取自某校园中水处理站内的调节池出水,日水质变化较大,TCOD（总COD）、NH3-N、TN、TP的平均浓度分别为477、69.1、76.9、6.3 mg·L-1。自启动运行55 d后,AnMBR出水的TCOD平均值降至50 mg·L-1以下,并稳定运行117 d,期间进水容积负荷率VLR平均为0.83 kg·（m3·d）-1,TCOD去除率平均值为90.6%。AnMBR对氮和磷几乎无去除效果。     

头孢中间体合成废水组成分析及主要污染物识别

为了识别头孢抗生素生产废水中的主要污染物,掌握其水质特点,对头孢抗生素中间体合成废水进行了物质组成分析。水样取自天津某头孢生产企业废水处理系统的进水和出水。采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术对污染物进行检测,经色谱柱分离后将各组分的质谱图与NIST08数据库对比、定性,确定了样品预处理方法和GC-MS分析的条件。研究结果表明,头孢中间体合成废水中存在7大类30余种化合物,通过对比废水处理系统进出水组成,确定了含N多环和杂环类化合物为最难降解的污染物,为此类废水的物理强化预处理和深度处理提供了依据。     

Applications of thermal hazard analyses on process safety assessments

In 2011, a large petrochemical complex in Taiwan incurred several fire and explosion accidents, which had considerable negative impact for the industry on both environmental and safety issues. Reactive substances are widely used in many chemical industrial fields as an initiator, hardeners, or cross-linking agents of radical polymerization process with unsaturated monomer. However, the unpredictable factors during the process having risk to runaway reaction, thermal explosion, fire, and exposure to harmful toxic chemicals release due to the huge heat and gas products by thermal decomposition could not be removed from the process. This study used differential technology of thermal analysis to characterize the inherent hazard behaviors of azo compounds and organic peroxides in the process, to seek the elimination of the source of the harmful effects and achieve the best process safety practices with zero disaster and sound business continuity plan.     

Modelling the interactions between nutrients and the submersed vegetation in the Orbetello Lagoon

The main problem in the Orbetello Lagoon is the control of the submersed vegetation, both in biomass and inventory, to manage a problematical coexistence between macroalgae and macrophytes. While macroalgae are liable to cause dystrophic crises, macrophytes oxygenate and stabilise the sediment and thus control the nutrient flux into the water. A mathematical model was required by the Orbetello Lagoon Managerial Office to predict the development of both groups and test the actions to favour macrophytes over macroalgae, in the context of a decision support system. This model, developed for this need, takes into account the interactions between nutrients and the submersed vegetation in a 2D spatial context including a hydrodynamic model for the water movements and an ecological model describing the interactions between nutrients and the submersed vegetation. In the spatial grid the model operates with two interlocked modules: each cell implements the kinetics of nutrients, vegetation and their interactions, running on an hourly basis to keep track of the circadian cycles, whereas an advection/diffusion mechanism running on a daily basis exchanges information among all the grid cells. The model output consists of daily variations in nutrient concentrations and vegetation biomass showing the relative abundance of either group as a consequence of environmental conditions. After a sensitivity assessment, the model has been calibrated with data from the Orbetello Lagoon, where it can now be used as a forecasting tool to predict the development of vegetation and the relative advantage that macrophytes may have upon macroalgae.     

Phosphate adsorption performance of a novel filter substrate made from drinking water treatment residuals

Phosphate is one of the most predominant pollutants in natural waters. Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the phosphate adsorption performance of a(NFS) made from drinking water treatment residuals. The adsorption of phosphate on the NFS fitted well with the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo second-order kinetic models. At p H 7.0, the maximum adsorption capacity of 1.03 mg/g was achieved at 15°C corresponding to the wastewater temperature in cold months, and increased notably to 1.31 mg/g at 35°C.Under both acidic conditions(part of the adsorption sites was consumed) and basic conditions(negative charges formed on the surface of NFS, which led to a static repulsion of PO43-and HPO42-), the adsorption of phosphate was slightly inhibited. Further study showed that part of the adsorption sites could be recovered by 0.25 mol/L Na OH. The activation energy was calculated to be above 8.0 k J/mol, indicating that the adsorption of phosphate on NFS was probably a chemical process. Considering the strong phosphate adsorption capacity and recoverability, NFS showed great promise on enhancing phosphate removal from the secondary treated wastewater in the filtration process.     

How to promote industrial park recycling transformation in China: An analytic framework based on critical material flow

As an important conduit of industrial development, industrial parks have contributed significantly to economic development, particularly through the construction of eco-industrial parks (EIPs). With the increase in the number and type of parks, industrial park recycling transformation (IPRT) has been pivotal in developing the circular economy concept at the regional level in China. Compared with EIPs, this study identifies the characteristics of IPRT as green, cyclic, efficient, shared, and sustainable. To effectively explore how to promote IPRT development, the concept of critical material flow with material flow analysis is introduced to trace materials that are critical to high consumption areas with significant environmental impacts. The paper also suggests that cleaner production audits of enterprises can provide a basis for critical material flow analysis. Analysis of critical material flow pathways can facilitate the establishment of reverse logistics, which is important for achieving closed-loop IPRT through imitation of natural ecosystem cycles. In addition, an information system and database management platform are required to support critical material flow analysis in IPRT. Using a case study of the Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, the findings reveal that IPRT can be promoted from enterprises at the micro-level to parks at the macro-level based on critical material flow analysis. These results provide a methodological and practical reference for improving the stability of the industrial symbiosis of EIPs and contribute to IPRT research. Moreover, an analytic framework is provided that demonstrates how to promote IPRT in practice.     

Effects of high ammonia loads on nitrogen mass balance and treatment performance of a biotrickling filter

A biotrickling filter packed with coal slag as packing medium was continuously used for more than 9 months under high ammonia loading rates of up to 140 g/m³/h. Nitrogen mass balance and microbial community analysis were conducted to evaluate the inhibitory effects of high ammonia concentration and metabolic by-products on the rates of nitrification. Ammonia removal efficiency reached above 99% at an empty bed retention time of as low as 8 s when inlet concentrations were below 350 ppm. The maximum and critical elimination capacities of the biotrickling filter were 118 g/m³/h and 108.1 g/m³/h, respectively. Kinetics analysis results showed that less than 2.5 s was required for the biotrickling filter with pH control to treat ammonia at concentrations of up to 500 ppm in compliance with the Taiwan EPA standard (outlet NH₃ < 1 ppm). Results of mass balance and microbial community analysis indicated that complete removal was mainly contributed by the activities of autotrophic ammonia oxidizing bacteria and not by physical absorption or adsorption at low loading rates. However, at high inlet loadings, ammonium became the dominant by-product due to inhibitory effects of high ammonia concentration on the bacterial community.     

The conceptual model of an eco-industrial park based upon ecological relationships

The necessity to follow the rules of sustainable development in the everyday industrial practice has led to the formulation of the concept of an industrial ecosystem mimicking the natural ecosystem. Following this analogy, the conceptual model of an eco-industrial park, which is an organised form of the industrial ecosystem, was presented in this paper. The model comprises of (1) the structure of the ecosystem, (2) the classification of the enterprises as producers, consumers and decomposers, (3) mass and energy flows and (4) types of interactions. The classification of the enterprises introduced here as well as the analysis of mass and energy flows indicates that the diversity of the enterprises in eco-industrial parks is desired. Furthermore, the minimal condition to create the symbiotic relationships between the enterprises is established, claiming that at least one industrial producer or decomposer must be involved in the eco-industrial park. The application of this model will facilitate the design and development of eco-industrial parks and enable the identification of symbiotic relationships between the entities of such a park and other types of industrial ecosystems. In order to show the applicability of the proposed model and its potential for the practical implementation two case studies are presented.     

放射源实时在线监控系统

本文主要介绍了如何通过GPS定位、GSM基站定位、辐射剂量测定、射频标签等手段结合上位机软件平台对企事业单位的放射源进行实时监控。为企事业管理放射源,防止放射源被盗和环保部门集中监管放射源提供了极大的帮助。     

多级A/O工艺强化处理城市污水的效果研究

以宜兴市某城市污水厂多级A/O工艺的运行监测数据为依据,分析了该工艺对宜兴城市污水中主要污染物和遗传毒性的去除效果.结果表明,多级A/O单元对COD、NH_4~+-N、TN、TP的平均去除率分别为:(67.3±7.0)%、(93.7±1.5)%、(65.3±7.9)%、(60.0±18.7)%,在整个工艺流程中对各常规污染物指标的去除起到了绝对主导作用;对污水中的烷烃、卤代烃、醇类去除效果较好,对污水中主要含有的荧光物质(芳香族蛋白质类似物)去除效果不理想;对污水中SOS/umu遗传毒性的去除率为82.8%.多级A/O工艺处理宜兴城市污水的主要问题是有机负荷低、单点进水和碳源单点投加效果不理想,以致后段A/O并没有充分发挥其强化去除优势,建议改为多点进水,调整碳源投加点.研究结果可为同类污水厂运行效果评价提供依据,也为提高该污水厂的运行效率提供技术支持.