环境样品免疫检测基质效应分析与控制

免疫检测技术以其特异性强、灵敏度高、分析容量大、反应速度快、检测费用低廉等优点,逐渐成为环境样品大规模快速筛查和预警监测的首选技术.由于免疫检测无需样品预处理、能实现对样品的在线检测,因此环境样品中复杂的基质可能对免疫检测产生非常大的干扰和影响.以水环境中微囊藻毒素-LR的酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测为基础,系统地考察了环境样品中各种背景基质对ELISA检测的影响,评价了各个基质的影响规律和程度,并研究提出了相应的控制和消除各不利影响的方法,最后统一提出水环境样品免疫检测抗基质效应干扰的控制方案,即采用10×PBS＋1%BSA＋0.5%EDTA作为免疫检测反应的缓冲体系,能有效消除各基质效应对免疫检测的干扰.该方案同样适应于其它不需要对环境样品进行预处理的免疫检测技术.     

AnMBR-A-MBR和A2-MBR工艺处理焦化废水效果与急性毒性物质特征对比

焦化废水含高浓度难降解有机物,生物处理是应用最为广泛的方法.为探索并提高焦化废水生物处理的去除效果,采用实验室构建的厌氧膜生物反应器/缺氧/好氧膜生物反应器(An MBR-A-MBR)与厌氧/缺氧/好氧膜生物反应器(A~2-MBR)工艺处理实际焦化废水,对比了两套处理工艺在最佳工况下稳定运行对主要污染物的去除效果和对不同污染负荷的稳定性.采用固相萃取和组分分离、发光细菌Q67测试和三维荧光扫描等手段,对二者各级出水的急性毒性分布和变化以及毒性物质特征进行了研究.结果表明,An MBR的有机污染物去除率为15.3%,显著高于A~2-MBR系统的厌氧段(3.4%),An MBRA-MBR系统能够抵抗更高的污染负荷.An MBR-A-MBR系统各级出水的急性毒性均明显低于A~2-MBR系统,二者毒性当量总去除率分别为85.2%和79.2%.各级出水中极性组分的急性毒性最强,极性和弱极性组分贡献了绝大部分毒性当量.各级出水的急性毒性主要来自Ⅱ区芳香族蛋白类似物,且Ⅱ区芳香族蛋白类似物可能是极性组分中主要的急性毒性物质.     

发光细菌生物活性的调控方法

为维持发光细菌发光强度的稳定性,推进发光细菌毒性测试技术应用于在线监测和分析,以明亮发光杆菌和鳆鱼发光杆菌为对象,通过添加各种保护剂,将培养至对数生长期的菌液离心,重新悬浮于脱脂牛奶溶液冷藏(5℃),比较脱脂牛奶菌悬液冷藏、冻干粉复苏后即时冷藏以及新鲜菌液直接冷藏3种方法的调控效果.结果表明,脱脂牛奶菌悬液冷藏7 d后复苏,相对发光率达到93%.该方法明显提高了发光细菌生物活性的稳定性,对于提高在线毒性监测仪连续运行时间有参考价值.     

膜生物反应器处理工业废水中膜污染及膜过滤特性研究

采用膜生物反应器(MBR)中试试验装置处理制革、印染工业园区混合废水,考察了悬浮污泥浓度(MLSS)、溶解性微生物产物(SMP)和松散型胞外聚合物(EPS)表征总量、胶体粒子等因素对膜污染发生的影响程度.结果表明,试验装置启动后的120 d内,发生轻度膜污染现象,过滤膜阻力R20从1.5×1012m-1增加至1.8×1012m-1.MBR池内胶体粒子浓度与膜过滤阻力变化呈现明显的线性相关,而MLSS、SMP和EPS表征总量等因素的变化与膜过滤阻力的变化不存在相关性.分析认为胶体粒子是引起该试验装置发生膜污染现象的主要因素,其成因可能是胶体粒子通过附着在膜表面,沉积堵塞膜孔,从而造成膜污染.     

Ecological wetland paradigm drives water source improvement in the stream network of Yangtze River Delta

Jiaxing created a precedent using bypass riparian marshes to purify micro-polluted water sources in China. Pond-wetland complex with constructed root channel technology becomes a paradigm which can be analogized as “human-body wetland model” based on bionics or biomimetics. Heterogeneous plant-bed/ditch system with highly active land/water ecotone interfaces, especially meandering boundaries, breeds many biochemical reactions “living areas”. Optimization of hydraulic regulation promotes redox environment alternations and wetland treatment efficiency. Here we reported a series of upgrades and performances in Guanjinggang wetland after the Shijiuyang prototype. Morphological reform of plant-bed/ditch system played a vital role. Spatially root channel zone was main force of wetland purification, and temporally the treatment effect was higher in low-temperature seasons indicating non-temperature dependent mechanisms worked. Water pollution comprehensive index improved steadily from IV to III, and comprehensive pollution load was reduced by ca. 40%–60%. Comprehensive evaluation function value further showed the gradients purification effect of the upgraded wetland. Ecological wetlands ameliorated source water quality, and reduced drinking water treatment reagents, thereby bringing about economic benefits. Through wetlands operation, people can see how the micro-polluted surface water becomes clear and clean, so promoting a significant social benefit. As a viable component of urban green space, wetlands could beautify regional eco-environment, freshen the air, increase urban ecological taste, and enhance the eco-environmental protection publicity. Thus, the multifunctional service values and indirect benefits are substantial. Jiaxing ecological wetlands provide a typical paradigm for water pollution remediation in developing countries and plays a leading role in technology engineering radiation effect.     

臭氧氧化—生物活性炭滤池深度处理制革废水二级出水

采用臭氧氧化—生物活性炭滤池组合工艺深度处理制革厂的生化出水.在臭氧加入量为25 mg/L,氧化时间为25min、生物活性炭滤池HRT为lh的条件下,处理后废水平均COD为51mg/L,平均TOC为15.1mg/L,平均UV254(波长254 nm处单位比色皿光程下的吸光度)为0.12,平均氨氮质量浓度为0.51 mg/L,出水水质达到GB18918-2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》中的一级B排放标准.     

Functional safety concept for hazardous systems and new challenges

Selected issues associated with the functional safety analysis according to the international standards IEC 61508 and IEC 61511 are presented. Determining the safety integrity level (SIL) of electric/electronic/programmable electronic (E/E/PE) safety-related systems is outlined. The importance of quantitative probabilistic modeling of these systems in verifying SIL is emphasized. Some aspects concerning the functional safety analysis of systems for detecting the combustible or toxic gases in relation to a CENELEC draft standard prEN 50402 are shortly discussed. Basic principles of methodology for the functional safety assessment of protective systems for potentially explosive atmospheres proposed in a CEN draft standard prEN 15233 are addressed.     

Forced ventilation effect by Air-Fin-Cooler on flammable gas cloud dispersion

This paper is the second installment of a paper published on Process Safety and Environment Protection in 2013, which evaluates the Air-Fin-Cooler (AFC) forced ventilation effect over natural ventilation inside congested LNG process train, i.e., modularized LNG, considering the Air Change per Hour (ACH) using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis. This second paper evaluates the effect of forced ventilation on gas cloud dispersion using CFD in order to evaluate possible design measures, such as safety distance in trains and whether to shut down the AFC in case of releases. The results of this evaluation show that gas cloud accumulation is reduced by AFC induced air flow in the case of shorter separation distances between modules. Based on the results, two design measures are proposed, i.e., keep AFC running during emergency and train orientation against prevailing wind direction.     

电子鼻检测污染土壤中挥发性氯代烃的适用性研究

开发了一套以光离子化传感器（PID）为核心的电子鼻系统,用于污染土壤中挥发性氯代烃的快速检测.用气相色谱（GC）分析评价了预处理管对苯系物等干扰物质的去除效果;用标准气体发生装置发生不同浓度的四氯乙烯和三氯乙烯气体,比较评价了电子鼻与GC检测结果的吻合程度及测试重现性.在此基础上,选取我国长三角地区三类典型水稻土进行模拟污染土壤的通风净化实验,评价了电子鼻系统用于实时监测挥发性氯代烯烃污染土壤修复进程的可行性.结果表明：①采用RAE-SEP卤代烃分离管进行预处理,甲苯、乙苯等苯系干扰物的去除率可达80%～97%,而四氯乙烯和三氯乙烯等挥发性氯代烃的选择性透过率高于90%;②电子鼻对不同浓度四氯乙烯和三氯乙烯气体的定量检测结果与GC结果相近,线性拟合斜率为1.012,相关系数R2〉0.99;③电子鼻对三类典型土壤通气脱附过程中污染物浓度的变化趋势的实时监测结果与GC检测结果基本一致,判定系数R2〉0.99（n=47）.因此,该电子鼻系统有望用于挥发性氯代烯烃污染土壤的快速检测,提高污染场地的风险评估和修复效率.     

制革印染工业园区污水厂重金属污染特性及去除效果研究

以浙江某制革、纺织印染工业园区污水处理厂为研究对象,分析了该污水处理厂进水、出水和污泥中Cr、Zn、Cu、Ni、Pb、Cd、Fe、Mn等重金属含量、来源及污染分布特性,探讨了重金属对该污水处理运行的影响。结果表明:该污水处理厂进水中Cr和Fe的含量最高,分别达16.40和15.80mg/L;重金属在污泥中发生富集,其中Cr和Fe的浓度高达12550和13671mg/kg。重金属在污泥中富集,不仅制约了污泥处置及资源化利用,而且影响了污泥的固液分离性能和常规污染物的去除效果。