Effects of La3+, Ce3+ on nitrogen removal in sequencing batch reactor

Batch experiments were conducted to study the short-term biological effects of rare earth ions (La³⁺, Ce³⁺) and their mixture on the nitrogen removal in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The data showed that higher NH₄ ⁺-N removal rate, total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency, and denitrification efficiency were achieved at lower concentrations of rare earth elements (REEs) (<1 mg/L). In the first hour of the aeration stage of SBR, the presence of REEs increased the total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency and NH₄ ⁺-N removal efficiency by 15.7% and 10%–15%, respectively. When the concentrations of REEs were higher than 1 mg/L, the total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency decreased, and nitrate was found to accumulate in the effluent. When the concentrations of REEs was up to 50.0 mg/L, the total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency was less than 30% of the control efficiency with a high level of nitrate. Lower concentrations of REEs were found to accelerate the nitrogen conversion and removal in SBR.     

湖北省主要大中型水库富营养状况及特征分析

水库在城市供水、工业用水、水产养殖、农业灌溉、水利防汛以及景观旅游等方面发挥着重要的作用,但随着社会经济的发展,部分水库的富营养化状况日益严重,成为影响社会经济发展的重大环境问题。通过在2010年的3、6、7、10月对湖北省30座主要大中型水库进行布点采样,对水体的水质状况分别进行了调查、监测,采用《地表水环境质量标准》湖库标准进行水质类别分析,采用湖库营养状态指数法对湖泊富营养化评价, 并运用因子聚类分析方法对这些水库进行了类型划分。结果表明：30座大、中型水库有14座水库水质类别为Ⅱ类~Ⅲ类, 占467%; 有8座水库水质类别为IV类,占267%;有8座水库水质类别为Ⅴ类或劣Ⅴ类,占267%;除白云湖水库为轻富营养化外,其余29座水库均属中营养状态;氨氮、磷作为营养物质是这些水库富营养化的主要影响因素,溶解氧对水体富营养化有重要影响,总氮、水温和有机物污染对水体富营养化产生较大影响;30座水库聚类分为城市工业废水污染源型、生活污水污染源型、农业非点源污染源型和养殖轻污染型4种水库类型。针对水库的污染类型,分别提出了减缓防治措施     

杂交水稻对淹水胁迫的响应及排水指标研究

湖北平原地区夏季强降水频发,稻田易受洪涝灾害。为探明淹水胁迫对杂交中稻生长发育的影响,并在此基础上提出相应的排涝指标,在杂交中稻（丰两优香1号）分蘖期、孕穗期分别设计了淹水深度和淹水时间交互试验。结果表明：淹水处理后,水稻株高、第3、4节间均表现出伸长生长,且与淹水深度和持续时间的累积值（SD）呈显著线性正相关关系,但收获时遭受淹水的各处理其株高均矮于对照,且淹水程度越重,收获时株高越矮。淹水造成水稻减产,且淹水时间越长,淹水深度越深,减产越严重,若以产量受害指标为评价标准,孕穗期对淹水胁迫较分蘖期更敏感。就产量构成要素来看,分蘖期淹水胁迫导致水稻减产主要是有效穗下降、其次是结实率降低;孕穗期主要是结实率、千粒重下降,其次是有效穗减少。以相对产量（Ry）为参数建立的回归方程极显著地展示了Ry与SD、Ry与淹水深度和淹水时间之间的关系,可以作为水稻分蘖期、孕穗期的排涝方程。就淹水要素来说,分蘖期淹水深度对产量的影响比淹水时间大,而孕穗期淹水深度、淹水时间对产量的影响相当。若以水稻减产20%~30%作为排涝标准,分蘖期、孕穗期相应的SD值为1106~1944 cm/d（淹水深度≥18 cm）、265~805 cm/d（淹水深度≥25 cm）,并就具体的淹水深度提出了确切的排涝天数     

基于无机氮磷利用特征的小球藻优化培养技术

氮磷对小球藻的生长产生重要影响,基于氮磷优化培养条件的探讨具有理论和实际意义。在静置培养、通气培养和通气加碳源（葡萄糖）培养等条件下对小球藻的生长影响和氮磷消耗进行了试验,采用分批取样补料方式对培养过程进行了优化研究。结果表明,在未调节培养液pH值条件下,藻液的pH值在7~9变化,随培养时间呈略微下降的趋势。各培养条件下,小球藻对硝酸盐的吸收速率均表现出先快后慢的特征,对磷的吸收利用表现为总磷先快速被吸收利用,然后稳定在一定范围内波动。小球藻的生长在静置培养条件下主要受培养液中硝酸盐氮含量和培养液pH值的影响,通气培养条件下主要受培养液中硝酸盐氮含量的影响,通气外加碳源培养条件下主要受培养液中可溶解性总磷含量和硝酸盐氮含量双重影响。在通气外加碳源分批取样补料的藻类优化培养中,生长中期取样补料小球藻生长速率受影响较小,单位时间生物量最高,达3 565 mg/（L·d     

A risk assessment of potential agricultural losses due to ambient SO2 in the central regions of Chile

A risk assessment of the potential impacts of sulphur dioxide (SO₂) on the agriculture of central Chile was carried out, using Critical Levels (threshold values above which chronic effects may occur) set by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE, 1993; Sanders et al., 1995), crop sensitivity studies, agricultural land-use data, and air quality data for several years. Ambient SO₂ concentrations around three copper smelters in this region were found to pose a significant risk to crops (such as cereals, staples and legumes) on both local and regional scales. Adverse effects on yield, growth and fruit production were considered possible. Frequent high exposure periods during winter months may also give rise to acute injury in sensitive species and/or crops maintained under optimum water conditions. This study identified high-risk areas, where additional monitoring as well as field studies would be beneficial, and has important policy implications, given the secondary SO₂ air quality standard currently in force in Chile.     

粉煤灰吸附处理含铬废水的研究

研究了粉煤灰吸附处理实验室模拟含铬废水 . 实验结果表明 : 废水 pH 值为 2.00～3.74、粉煤灰用量为2 g、吸附平衡时间 80 min时,铬去除率可达98%以上;吸附符合Freundlich等温模式,吸附等温方程式为 logq=1.568 9-0.146 4 logc,以物理吸附为主;穿透体积为90 mL.利用粉煤灰吸附处理含铬废水,具有处理效果好,操作简单,运行费用低等优点.     

Nitric oxides and nitrous oxide fluxes from typical vegetables cropland in China: Effects of canopy,soil properties and field management

In China, vegetable croplands are characterized by intensive fertilization and cultivation, which produce significant nitrogenous gases to the atmosphere. In this study, nitric oxides (NO_X) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from the croplands cultivated with three typical vegetables had been measured in Yangtze River Delta of China from September 2 to December 16, 2006. The NO fluxes varied in the ranges of 1.6–182.4, 1.4–2901 and 0.5–487 ng Nm^?2 s^?1 with averages of 33.8 ± 44.2, 360 ± 590 and 76 ± 112 (mean ± SD) ngNm^?2 s^?1 for cabbage, garlic, and radish fields (n = 88), respectively. N₂O fluxes from the three vegetable fields were found to occur in pulses and significantly promoted by tillage with average values of 5.8, 8.8, and 4.3 ng Nm^?2 h^?1 for cabbage, garlic, and radish crops, respectively. Influence of vegetables canopy on the NO emission was investigated and quantified. It was found that on cloudy days the canopy can only shield NO emission from croplands soil while on sunny days it cannot only prevent NO emission but also assimilate NO through the open leaves stomas. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that soil temperature was the most important factor in controlling NO emission, followed by fertilizer amount and gravimetric soil water content. About 1.2%, 11.56% and 2.56% of applied fertilizers N were emitted as NO–N and N₂O–N from the cabbage, garlic and radish plots, respectively.     

模拟氮沉降对干旱半干旱温带草原土壤细菌群落结构的影响

随着社会经济发展,活性氮源随人为活动逐年递增,导致氮沉降相应增加,由此带来的生态环境问题也日益严重.本研究基于细菌16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术,分析长期人工模拟氮沉降氮输入量为0、1、4、8、32 g·(m~2·a)~(-1)对干旱半干旱区草原土壤微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明,模拟氮沉降7 a增加了土壤中可利用氮含量,引起草原土壤酸化.高通量测序结果表明,细菌OTU(operational taxonomy unit)数量随氮输入量的增加呈现增加的趋势,高氮处理[8 g·(m~2·a)~(-1)和32g·(m~2·a)~(-1)]显著高于低氮和对照处理;细菌α多样性指数呈现先增加后降低的趋势.不同氮输入水平下土壤细菌群落结构差异显著,且与土壤p H和氮的有效性显著相关.不同细菌相对丰度在纲的水平对氮输入的响应趋势不同.氮的长期大量输入可直接或间接通过改变土壤性状而影响草地土壤细菌群落结构和多样性.     

Structural and functional variations of phytoplankton communities in the face of multiple disturbances

The global decline of freshwater biodiversity caused by climate change and human activities are supposed to disrupt ecosystem services related to water quality and alter the structure and function of aquatic communities across space and time, yet the effects of the combination of these factors on plankton community ecosystem has received relatively little attention. This study aimed to explore the impacts of disturbances (e.g. human activity, temperature, precipitation, and water level) on phytoplankton community structure (i.e. community evenness and community composition) and function (i.e. resource use efficiency) in four subtropical reservoirs over 7 years from 2010 to 2016. Our results showed that community turnover (measured as community dissimilarity) was positively related to disturbance frequency, but no significant correlation was found between phytoplankton biodiversity (i.e. evenness) and disturbance frequency. Phytoplankton resource use efficiency (RUE = phytoplankton biomass/ total phosphorus) was increased with a higher frequency of disturbance with an exception of cyanobacteria. The RUE of Cyanobacteria and diatoms showed significantly negative correlations with their community evenness, while the RUE of Chlorophyta exhibited a positive correlation with their community turnover. We suggest that multiple environmental disturbances may play crucial roles in shaping the structure and functioning of plankton communities in subtropical reservoirs, and mechanism of this process can provide key information for freshwater uses, management and conservation.     

An Experimental Test of the Concealment Hypothesis Using Oriental Skylark (Alauda gulgula) nests on the Tibet Plateau

Russian Journal of Ecology -