A mathematical approach for retrofit and optimization of total site steam distribution networks

This paper presents a generic mathematical model for retrofitting the steam power plants in an industrial site. The industrial sector under review consists of one steel mill, one oil refinery, and several petrochemical plants, where only small-scale steam integration has been implemented before this study. The relevant unit models in a typical steam power plant are established, and the steam plant retrofit problem is formulated as a mixed-integer nonlinear program (MINLP). Feasible retrofit alternatives suggested by experienced field engineers are investigated in sequence to examine the revenue of those possible modifications. The first scenario examines operational optimization of existent plants; the second option allows installation of one new turbine and replacement of several boilers and turbines with lower efficiency; the third scenario considers using a steam ejector to upgrade the disqualified import steam in the oil refinery. The significant merits from these three retrofit alternatives show that the proposed MINLP formulation has been a great help to enhance the inter-plant steam integration in an industrial sector.     

高锰酸钾氧化去除砂壤土中三氯乙烯的试验研究

以环境中常见的污染物三氯乙烯(TCE)为研究对象,利用高锰酸钾(KMnO4)对工业场地土壤中的TCE进行处理,探讨了不同氧化条件、污染物初始浓度、氧化次数等对去除效果的影响.结果表明,采用正交试验获得优化操作条件为:KMnO4浓度125mg/L,pH7,反应时间30min.在此条件下,100mg/kg的TCE去除率达到93.7%.TCE的去除率随污染物浓度的增加而减小,对于污染程度高的土壤,2次处理能有效提高去除率.土柱实验结果表明经过KMnO4溶液淋洗12d后,初始浓度为50mg/kg的TCE氧化率均达到88.1%以上,降低淋洗流速可提高TCE的去除率.     

Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Polyurethane Rigid Foam Based on Epoxidized Soybean Oil

A soypolyol based on epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) was prepared in the presence of HBF₄ and diethanolamine (DEA) was used as ring opener. A series of polyurethane rigid foam were prepared by mixing polyol with TDI using an isocyanate index of 1.1. The polyol used in this paper were a mixture of soypolyol and a commercial PL-5601 polyester polyol and the mass fraction of PL-5601 was in the range of 0–60%. The thermal properties of the resins were characterized by DSC and TG. The results showed that these rigid foams possess high thermal stability. There were two glass transition temperature of each foam and Tg₁ was increasing with the increasing of OH value. The compression strength of the foam was also recorded, and the effect of mass ratio of soypolyol and PL-5601 polyester polyol on the compression strength was discussed.     

珠江三角洲印刷行业VOCs组分排放清单及关键活性组分

根据珠江三角洲地区印刷行业活动数据和不锈钢罐采样-气质联用技术,获取了印刷工艺VOCs成分谱,建立了该地区2010年印刷行业VOCs组分排放清单,研究了不同工艺排放的臭氧生成潜势. 结果表明:该地区2010年印刷行业VOCs排放总量达8591.26t,深圳、东莞、佛山排放量较大.凹印是印刷行业主要VOCs排放工艺,排放量达5762.01t;平印和凸印次之,分别为1954.01和37.82t.不同工艺排放的VOCs组分差异较大,平印工艺排放的VOCs成分中异丙醇含量最多(306.58t),其次为正庚烷(115.87t);苯和甲苯是凸印工艺排放的VOCs成分中含量最大的2种化合物,分别达5.58和4.83t;乙酸乙酯是凹印工艺排放的VOCs成分中的首要化合物,达2482.85t.凸印工艺排放的VOCs单位浓度臭氧潜势最大,达1.30μg/m3,平印和凹印较小,分别为0.89和0.72μg/m3,各工艺排放的含氧有机物对臭氧生成潜势的贡献均为最大.      

双氯芬酸在水环境中光降解的初步研究

考察了在模拟太阳光照射下,双氯芬酸初始浓度、pH值、光强、温度、丙酮和双氧水对双氯芬酸光解的影响,并通过淬灭实验初步探讨了双氯芬酸光解.结果表明,双氯芬酸的光降解过程符合准一级动力学方程.光解速率随着双氯芬酸初始浓度的降低、光强的增强以及温度的升高而增大.当pH值从3变化到5时,反应速率常数变大;pH值从5变到8时,反应速率常数变小,再继续增大pH值,反应速率常数增大.水环境中存在的双氧水和丙酮对双氯芬酸的光解具有促进作用.最后,通过淬灭实验表明双氯芬酸的光解过程包括直接光解以及通过活性氧物种进行的自敏化光解.     

铀尾矿中铀、钍及部分金属的模拟淋浸实验初探

模拟广东某地区降雨的几种要素,对该地某铀矿区的两种粒径(<0.45 mm和>6 mm)的铀尾矿,分别采用1 h及24 h的初始浸泡时间、pH=3.0及pH=6.0的淋浸剂,以开放体系,进行7周的半动态淋滤实验,初步考察铀尾矿中铀钍的释放规律及其与金属元素Al、K、Mg释放行为的相关性.结果表明:(1)对铀尾矿释放铀能力的影响作用依次为:粒径>pH>浸泡时间;对钍释放能力的影响作用依次为:pH>粒径>浸泡时间.(2)pH、粒径和浸泡时间的改变将影响U与Th、Al、K和Mg的释放相关性.     

Dynamic changes in radial oxygen loss and iron plaque formation and their effects on Cd and As accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Temporal variations and correlations between radial oxygen loss (ROL), iron (Fe) plaque formation, cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) accumulation were investigated in two rice cultivars at four different growth stages based upon soil pot and deoxygenated solution experiments. The results showed that there were significant differences in ROL (1.1–16 μmol O₂ plant^?1 h^?1), Fe plaque formation (4,097–36,056 mg kg^?1), Cd and As in root tissues (Cd 77–162 mg kg^?1; As 49–199 mg kg^?1) and Fe plaque (Cd 0.4–24 mg kg^?1; As 185–1,396 mg kg^?1) between these growth stages. ROL and Fe plaque increased dramatically from tillering to ear emergence stages and then were much reduced at the grain-filling stage. Furthermore, significantly positive correlations were detected between ROL and concentrations of Fe, Cd and As in Fe plaque. Our study indicates that increased Fe plaque forms on rice roots at the ear emergence stage due to the increased ROL. This stage could therefore be an important period to limit the transfer and distribution of Cd and As in rice plants when growing in soils contaminated with these toxic elements.     

Enhanced production of laccase by Coriolus hirsutus using molasses distillery wastewater

The effect of physical parameters of cultivation (load volume, temperature, pH, agitation, inoculum size, and incubation period) in the production of laccase by wood-rotting basidiomycete Coriolus hirsutus were studied using diluted molasses distillery wastewater (MDW) as a major composition. Using fractional factorial design, our study first identified load volume, agitation, and inoculum size as statistically significant factors. Optimal preferences and mutual interactions of the factors were then determined by the response surface method, which is based on the center composite design. A quadratic model was used to fit the experimental data. The optimized operational parameters for laccase production were determined to be the following: culture temperature of 25°C, pH 4, load volume of 40 mL diluted MDW in 150 mL flask, agitation rate of 183 r·min^?1, inoculation of 11.5% v/v, and cultivation time of 6 d. The experimental validation under these conditions (the maximum laccase production of 2198.2 U·mL^?1 was within the confidence interval) subsequently verified the accuracy of the constructed model. Moreover, the removal of chemical oxygen demand and nitrogen of MDW reached 62.85% and 48.00% respectively, and the decolorization ratio under the optimal condition was 41.85%. The enhanced production of laccase by C. hirsutus is a new recovery strategy for MDW.     

改性柚子皮吸附剂对模拟废水中Pb^2＋的吸附性能

以废柚子皮为原料,经ZnCl2浸泡一加热的化学改性手段制备改性柚子皮生物吸附剂,并通过模拟试验研究该吸附剂对废水中Pb^2＋的去除。考察了模拟废水的pH、吸附时间、吸附剂用量和Pb^2＋初始浓度、温度等因素对柚子皮吸附剂去除Pb^2＋的影响,并研究柚子皮吸附剂对Pb^2＋的吸附动力学及吸附特征。结果表明,模拟废水的pH、吸附时间、吸附剂用量和Pb^2＋初始浓度、温度等因素对柚子皮吸附剂吸附废水中Pb^2＋均有显著影响。适宜的吸附条件为pH5．3-6．5,吸附时间1．5h,吸附剂用量10g·L^-1,Pb^2＋初始质量浓度100mg·L^-1,温度30℃。在该条件下,废水中Pb^2＋去除率在90％以上。柚子皮吸附剂对废水中Pb^2＋的吸附符合动力学二级反应方程,等温吸附规律可用Langmuir、Freundlich和Temkin模型进行较好的描述。     

1,4-二氯苯在褐土中的残留量变化及对几种土壤酶活性的影响

1,4-二氯苯(1,4-DCB)作为农药和化工产品生产的原料和中间体,在环境中的含量越来越多.采用气相色谱法对不同浓度1,4-DCB处理后土壤中药物残留量进行了测定;对1,4-DCB处理后褐土土壤中几种重要的氧化还原酶(多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶)和脲酶活性进行测定,用其改变来反应1,4-DCB残留对土壤生态系统的影响.结果发现:在1,4-DCB处理30 d后,土壤中1,4-DCB残留保持在44%~50%;1,4-DCB处理后土壤中多酚氧化酶活性呈现先升高后降低的现象,酶活性峰值因作用时间和作用浓度不同而不同.与多酚氧化酶活性改变趋势不同,1,4-DCB处理后土壤脱氢酶活性降低.两种酶活性与1,4-DCB处理浓度之间均具有一定的浓度-效应和时间-效应关系.与多酚氧化酶和脱氢酶活性变化结果不同,1,4-DCB处理后土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶的活性则随着处理浓度升高和处理时间延长而升高.因此,土壤中不同酶活性对1,4-DCB污染产生了不同的响应.