不同天气系统影响下广东省酸雨特征对比分析 ——气象场数值模拟

运用WRF模式对3种不同天气系统(冷锋,低压槽以及台风)造成的广东省酸雨个例进行数值模拟,结合实际测站资料对酸雨分布特征及影响酸雨过程的风场、湿度场以及温度场进行分析.结果表明个例中酸雨主要分布在珠江三角洲区域以及重工业区韶关.不同天气系统影响下的降水酸度略有不同,台风个例降水pH值最高(5.81),其后依次为低压槽降水(5.60)及冷锋降水(5.40). 冷锋降水个例中酸雨的分布及变化主要受风速,风向,相对湿度及逆温的影响,低压槽和台风降水个例中的酸雨分布及变化主要受降水量和风速的影响.风速和降水量的增加有利于缓解降水的酸度,而逆温层的存在及不同风向的辐合作用有利于降水酸度的增加.     

珠江三角洲地区2006年颗粒物污染过程识别与分析

利用Matlab小波分析工具,分析了珠三角(珠江三角洲)地区2006年PM₁₀的突变特征,并对典型区域性颗粒物空气污染过程进行了识别.结合全球资料同化系统(GDAS)气象数据,运用HYSPLIT v4.9模式,以4个典型空气观测站点的数据为基础,分析了高污染过程期间后向气流轨迹的特征和区域ρ(PM₁₀)的变化与输送过程,并对比分析了污染超标日和非超标日的ρ(PM₁₀)与风速、相对湿度、平均温度及地面平均气压等常规气象要素之间的关系.结果表明:影响珠三角地区颗粒物高污染时段输送的气流主要来源于内陆东北气流和沿海气流.本地排放和区域城市间传输是造成珠三角地区颗粒污染过程的主要原因.静风或极小风,以及较高地面平均气压是影响珠三角地区PM₁₀污染的主要气象要素.      

珠江三角洲机动车污染物排放特征及分担率

建立了2006年珠江三角洲(以下简称为珠三角)地区机动车排放清单,获得了该地区分车型、区域以及燃料类型的机动车排放分担率. 结果表明:①珠三角地区不同车型的机动车污染排放分担率有显著差别,其中柴油大货车、汽油小客车和柴油小货车是机动车排放NO_x的主要来源,摩托车、汽油小货车和汽油小客车是机动车排放VOCs的主要来源,柴油大货车、柴油大客车和柴油小货车是机动车排放PM₁₀的主要来源;②广州、佛山、东莞和深圳等经济发达和快速发展地区的机动车污染物排放量均较大,这4个城市机动车NO_x,VOCs和PM₁₀的排放量之和分别占珠三角地区机动车排放总量的79.7%,69.8%和77.9%;③机动车燃油比例对污染排放影响显著. 汽油车(含摩托车)对VOCs的排放分担率较大(约为93.8%),而柴油车对NO_x和PM₁₀的排放分担率较大(分别为61.5%和84.0%).      

Emissions of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) from motor vehicles

Continuous on-site measurements of 50 speciated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were conducted in downtown Guangzhou to characterize the sources and concentration profiles of ambient VOCs. The synchronicity in diurnal variation between the VOCs and NO suggests that traffic emissions were responsible for the observed VOCs in downtown Guangzhou.It was found that the three major constituent species of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), i.e., propane, iso-butane, and n-butane, together termed LPG alkanes, contributed, on average, 24% of the total VOCs (TVOCs). Their high correlation and synchronized diurnal variations between NO and the LPG alkanes suggest that their origin lies in LPG fueled car exhaust in Guangzhou. LPG buses and taxis were likely to be responsible for the bulk of ambient LPG species. Using propane and 3-methyl pentane (3MC5A) as the indicators for the LPG and gasoline emissions, respectively, the emissions of the LPG fleet were found to increase more than those of the gasoline fleet during the morning and evening rush hours, as well the noontime break in downtown Guangzhou.Although LPG alkanes account for 24% of the TVOC, their contribution to the total ozone forming potential (OFP) is only about 7%. Ethylene and propylene contribute about 26% to the total OFP despite their lower contribution of 16% to the TVOC.     

Effects of 10% biofuel substitution on ground level ozone formation in Bangkok,Thailand

The Thai Government's search for alternatives to imported petroleum led to the consideration of mandating 10% biofuel blends (biodiesel and gasohol) by 2012. Concerns over the effects of biofuel combustion on ground level ozone formation in relation to their conventional counterparts need addressing. Ozone formation in Bangkok is explored using a trajectory box model. The model is compared against O₃, NO, and NO₂ time concentration data from air monitoring stations operated by the Thai Pollution Control Department. Four high ozone days in 2006 were selected for modeling. Both the traditional trajectory approach and a citywide average approach were used. The model performs well with both approaches but slightly better with the citywide average. Highly uncertain and missing data are derived within realistic bounds using a genetic algorithm optimization. It was found that 10% biofuel substitution will lead to as much as a 16 ppb peak O₃ increase on these four days compared to a 48 ppb increase due to the predicted vehicle fleet size increase between 2006 and 2012. The approach also suggests that when detailed meteorological data is not available to run three dimensional airshed models, and if the air is stagnant or predominately remains over an urban area during the day, that a simple low cost trajectory analysis of O₃ formation may be applicable.     

生态工业园区水资源管理模式研究

以生态工业园区为研究背景,对生态工业园区的水资源管理模式进行了系统的研究,并借用计算机构件理论和生态工业学理论重点分析了生态工业园区水资源管理模式的设计思路,从而实现了水资源管理模式生态意义上的水链及水网的建设。其核心成果是要建立一个面向循环经济的生态工业园区水资源管理模式。     

用波长色散X射线荧光光谱测定土壤中铬的不确定度

运用测量不确定度评定与表示的理论,分析了波长色散X射线荧光光谱仪测定土壤中铬的不确定度,得出测定铬的不确定度为1.0mg/kg.     

流域水环境监测管理体制存在问题探讨

调研国内外流域水环境监测管理体制现状,分析中国现行体制存在的问题,探讨完善管理体制的办法,并提出联合管理模式。     

O3自动监测的技术要点

通过多年在粤港空气监控系统中的O3自动监测实践,阐述了O3标准气浓度传递认证的范例性解决方案,并在O3气体样品输送、O3分析仪器性能维护及在线检查校准用标准气等方面提出了实用的技术方法。     

大气污染物排放源清单不确定性定量分析方法及案例研究

大气污染物排放源清单由于在数据收集过程中存在的不可避免的监测误差、随机误差、关键数据缺乏以及数据代表性不足等因素而具有不确定性,而排放源清单的不确定性指的是人们对排放清单的真实值缺乏认识和了解.介绍了目前大气排放源清单定量不确定性方法框架,并使用电厂NO_x在线监测数据,通过实际案例量化排放源清单中的不确定性.结果表明:即使对被认为具有较高准确性的火电厂点源排放清单,案例中NO_x的排放源清单来自随机误差的不确定性在±15%左右.对排放源清单的不确定性量化有助于决策者确定污染物排放削减目标的可达性和科学制定大气污染物控制策略,指导排放源清单的改进和数据收集工作.同时,对我国排放源清单开发中不确定性分析提出建议.