Peroxyacetyl nitrate and peroxypropionyl nitrate in Porto Alegre,Brazil

For 41 days between 25 May 1996 and 27 March 1997, peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and peroxypropionyl nitrate (PPN) have been measured by electron capture gas chromatography at Santa Rita near Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, where light-duty vehicles used either ethanol or a gasoline–MTBE blend. Daily maximum concentrations ranged from 0.19 to 6.67 ppb for PAN and 0.06 to 0.72 ppb for PPN. Linear regression of maximum PPN vs. maximum PAN yielded a slope of 0.105±0.004 (R²=0.974). Diurnal variations of ambient PAN often followed those of ozone with respect to time of day but not with respect to amplitude. This was reflected in the large relative standard deviations associated with the study-averaged PAN/ozone concentration ratio, 0.037±0.105 (ppb/ppb, n=789) and the maximum PAN/maximum ozone concentration ratio, 0.028±0.015 (ppb/ppb, range 0.005–0.078, n=41). On several days PAN accounted for large fractions of the total ambient NO_x in the late morning and afternoon hours, e.g., PAN/NO_x⩽0.58 and PAN/(NO_x–NO) ⩽0.76 on 27 March 1997. The amount of PAN lost by thermal decomposition (TPAN) was comparable in magnitude to that present in ambient air. The ratios TPAN/(PAN+TPAN) were up to 0.53, 0.67 and 0.64 during the warm afternoons of 25, 26 and 27 March 1997, respectively. The highest calculated value of TPAN was 5.6 ppb on 27 March 1997. On that day the 24 h-averaged value of TPAN (1.01 ppb) was nearly the same as that of PAN (1.09 ppb). Using computer kinetic modeling (SAPRC 97 chemical mechanism) and sensitivity analysis of VOC incremental reactivity, we ranked VOC present in Porto Alegre ambient air for their importance as precursors to PAN and to PPN. Using as input data the averages of VOC concentrations measured in downtown Porto Alegre during the ca. 1 yr period March 1996–April 1997, we calculated that the most important precursors to PAN and PPN were the SAPRC 97 model species ARO2 (which includes the aromatics xylenes, trimethylbenzenes, ethyltoluenes, etc.), which accounted for ca. 17% of the total PAN and total PPN formation potentials. Overall, the results indicate a major role for aromatics and alkenes and a minor role for acetaldehyde and ethanol as precursors to peroxyacyl nitrates in the Porto Alegre urban area.     

基于骨架构建的污泥脱水/固化研究进展

从现阶段污泥处理与处置存在的问题出发,通过介绍目前污泥可脱水性的研究现状,阐述了基于骨架构建体的污泥脱水及污泥固化技术在污泥处置方面应用的研究现状,提出了污泥调理脱水与固化处置一体化技术在污泥处理与处置方面的应用前景.     

深圳妈湾电厂温排水海洋生态影响回顾性评价

沿海地区电厂温排水在物理、化学、生物等方面对附近海域温度造成的影响越来越受到人们的关注。本文采用现场实测与数值模拟相结合的方法,确定电厂温排水的影响范围,模拟受纳水域的温升分布,评价温排水对海洋生态环境的影响程度,以期为近海海域热污染防治提供技术依据。     

A nonlinear filtering algorithm for multi-dimensional finite element pollutant advection schemes

A nonlinear filter is developed for use with finite element methods in solving the atmospheric diffusion equation. Usually, high-order accurate finite element methods lead to ripples near sharp gradients. This is an undesirable feature in air quality modeling. The filter eliminates these ripples by adding artificial diffusion along the direction of the streamlines. Since it is applied only in regions where the ripples are located, the accuracy of the solution is maintained. Here, the filter was used with the streamline upwind Petrov-Galerkin method. It displayed good performance characteristics in the standard rotating puff test, and in a new test where the angular velocity profile is parabolic. It did not cause excessive crosswind diffusion that was present in a previously developed two-dimensional filter, or Forester filters applied to one-dimensional, spatially split algorithms. The new test problem was designed specifically to show that the rotating puff test may not always be the appropriate test to evaluate the performance of transport schemes, especially those that split the horizontal transport into one-dimensional operators. As expected, a one-dimensional splitting scheme (Chapeau function) displayed worse performance than fully two-dimensional schemes under more severe conditions of the new test problem.     

净初级生产力的人类占用:一种衡量区域可持续发展的新方法

可持续发展的生态评估是当前国际生态经济学与可持续发展研究的前沿问题之一,净初级生产力的人类占用从生态系统初级生产力的角度可以定量评估一个国家或地区发展的生态持续性程度,是近年来国际上一种重要的生物物理量衡量方法。论文简要介绍了净初级生产力人类占用的基本理论与核算方法,分析了该方法应用于区域可持续发展生态评估的基本原理。综合国外相关研究的最新进展,研究认为,定量表征区域可持续发展的生态上限是净初级生产力人类占用方法的最大优点,而该方法应用于区域可持续发展生态评估的不足之处则主要表现在关键参数的不确定性、可持续性的评价阈值、研究数据的缺乏和生物量进出口问题等4方面。     

膜生物反应器处理酱油废水的工艺研究

依托实际处理工程,针对酱油废水处理难点,开展膜生物反应器处理酱油废水的中试研究,分析了水力停留时间,溶解氧,pH和MLSS对出水水质的影响。在确定膜生物反应器适宜运行条件的基础上,对比了MBR和实际运行的二级SBR+气浮工艺的处理效率。研究表明,在水力停留时间为10h,ρ(DO)为2 5mg L,pH为7 8,ρ(MLSS)为8～9g L的条件下,膜生物反应器具有较好的处理效果,出水稳定达到一级排放标准,避免了在SBR中存在的CODCr和色度不能同步去除的问题。膜生物反应器中生物相研究表明,菌胶团、丝状菌、原生动物等构成膜生物反应器更为复杂的生态系统,使膜生物器的抗冲击性负荷的能力更强,在高、低负荷时都有稳定的处理效果。      

城市典型高架复合道路交通噪声污染模拟及防治对策

与一般城市道路相比,城市高架复合道路通行能力大、行车速度高、车辆行驶状态复杂,交通噪声污染极为突出。选取深圳市典型的高架复合道路——春风高架和爱国高架进行实地监测,同时运用SoundPLAN软件模拟其噪声污染现状与安装声屏障后的降噪效果。根据监测模拟结果,从合理进行道路规划、装设声屏障和铺设低噪声路面等方面提出高架复合道路噪声污染控制的对策建议。     

Probable Effects of Langmuir Circulation Observed on Oil Slicks in the Field

Although the presence of Langmuir circulation (LC) cells is evident from observations in lakes, ponds, and coastal waters, the effects of these cells on oil slicks have received less attention. This paper considers the effects as inferred from field data of LC cells on oil slicks. Examples from observed experimental oil slicks in the field are presented. The importance of these LC cells is discussed from the point of view of oil spill contingency.     

加压溶气生化气浮法降解生活污水中有机物

将加压曝气生物氧化技术与加压溶气气浮工艺相结合,开发了一种快速处理生活污水的加压溶气生化气浮反应器(PA-DAF),并考察了反应器的泥水分离效果及压力、水力停留时间(HRT)、气水比对其去除生活污水内有机物的影响。实验结果表明,在压力0.4 MPa,HRT 1.5 h(Q=1.0 L/min),气水比3∶1的条件下,生活污水COD去除率可稳定在90%左右。同时发现,NH3-N去除效果不理想,有待后续研究进行优化。     

基于生态复垦的铜矿排土场污染土壤修复效应研究

酸性矿山废水(acid mine drainage,AMD)污染是阻碍矿山生态自然恢复的最大难题。利用以植物修复为主的生物策略控制矿山潜在污染的效费比更好且更可持续,但修复土壤存量污染、遏制增量污染仍是首要问题。其中土壤存量污染是短期内植被恢复能否成功的决定因素,而增量污染是植被恢复能否持续的决定因素。本文以铜矿排土场为例,采用石灰+鸡粪+钙镁磷肥+微生物的原位综合改良方法与栽植乔灌木袋苗+混播乔灌草种子的直接植被快速重建模式,开展了基于生态复垦的污染土壤综合改良修复效应研究。结果显示：综合改良修复后的土壤pH由改良前的2.84上升到7.83,生态复垦1 a后则轻微下降到6.72,而土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)、有机质(OM)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、全钾(TK)等含量相比改良前分别增加1.98倍、32.96倍、11.74倍、2.38倍、3.64倍,生态复垦1 a后除TK含量略有下降外,CEC、OM、TN、TP含量相比改良后则分别增加了1.08倍、1.29倍、1.25倍、1.03倍;综合改良修复后的土壤净产酸量(net acid generation,NAG)、酸性中和能力(acid...