基于生态复垦的铜矿排土场污染土壤修复效应研究

酸性矿山废水(acid mine drainage,AMD)污染是阻碍矿山生态自然恢复的最大难题。利用以植物修复为主的生物策略控制矿山潜在污染的效费比更好且更可持续,但修复土壤存量污染、遏制增量污染仍是首要问题。其中土壤存量污染是短期内植被恢复能否成功的决定因素,而增量污染是植被恢复能否持续的决定因素。本文以铜矿排土场为例,采用石灰+鸡粪+钙镁磷肥+微生物的原位综合改良方法与栽植乔灌木袋苗+混播乔灌草种子的直接植被快速重建模式,开展了基于生态复垦的污染土壤综合改良修复效应研究。结果显示：综合改良修复后的土壤pH由改良前的2.84上升到7.83,生态复垦1 a后则轻微下降到6.72,而土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)、有机质(OM)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、全钾(TK)等含量相比改良前分别增加1.98倍、32.96倍、11.74倍、2.38倍、3.64倍,生态复垦1 a后除TK含量略有下降外,CEC、OM、TN、TP含量相比改良后则分别增加了1.08倍、1.29倍、1.25倍、1.03倍;综合改良修复后的土壤净产酸量(net acid generation,NAG)、酸性中和能力(acid...     

Improving disintegration and acidification of waste activated sludge by combined alkaline and microwave pretreatment

The individual alkaline or microwave pretreatment has been proved to be effective in disintegration and acidification of waste activated sludge (WAS). In this study, the effects of combined alkaline and microwave pretreatment at different pH and specific energy input (Es) on WAS disintegration were investigated using response surface methodology (RSM). Combined pretreatment achieved disintegration degree (DD) of 65.87% at Es of 38,400 kJ/kg TS and pH 11.0. The ANOVA further demonstrated that pH showed more significant effect on DD than Es. Anaerobic batch experiment results showed that combined pretreatment not only significantly improved volatile fatty acids (VFAs) accumulation but also shortened the time for the highest VFAs accumulation. The maximal VFAs accumulation (1500 mg COD/L) obtained at Es of 28,800 kJ/kg TS and fermentation time of 72 h, which was about two times that of the treatment without microwave (850 mg COD/L) at 96 h. The analysis of VFAs composition showed that the VFAs mainly consisted of acetic and iso-valeric acids, accounting for 57.3–70.1% of total VFAs.     

基于大数据方法的垃圾焚烧发电厂环境执法监管数据预测模型探究

在垃圾焚烧发电厂运行系统负荷特性统计指标和污染源监督性监测数据积累的大数据背景下,有效提取数据之间的关联特征对于垃圾焚烧系统规划运行和执法监管具有重大意义。首先,通过Pearson关联分析获得运行负荷特性指标和排放特征指标任意2因素之间的相关性特征;然后利用SPSS及Python软件,构建用以预测烟气污染因子排放量的多元线性回归模型及BP神经网络模型。对模型预测结果进行了比较,结果表明,多元线性回归模型和BP神经网络模型都能应用于烟气污染因子排放量的预测,进一步得出的BP神经网络模型的预测效果优于多元线性回归模型。本研究对于探究工业污染源环境执法建模和定量分析污染源排放水平具有参考价值。     

高校市场废弃物物流发展问题探析

高校市场中存在着废弃物物流活动,需要从学校、环境、社会等角度对其废弃物物流体系进行改进,创建高校市场废弃物绿色物流回收系统．通过分析高校市场废弃物物流现状和存在问题,从学校、企业和政府等方面提出创建高校市场废弃物物流回收系统的诸多措施．图1,参5．     

Long-term measurements of SO2 dry deposition over Gansu Province,China

Potassium carbonate sulfation plates, monitored monthly for 11 years from 48 sites in 11 cities in Gansu Province, China, provide a crude estimate of cumulative SO₂ dry depositions. Measured SO₂ dry deposition rates were 1.6–472 mg m⁻² day⁻¹ and had seasonal variations with maxima in winter and minima mainly during summer as a result of higher winter and lower summer SO₂ concentrations. The 11-year monthly average SO₂ dry deposition rates are 23.2–248.97 and 11.7–175.6 mg m⁻² day⁻¹ in the eleven cities in winter and summer, respectively. A monthly average SO₂ deposition velocity was also estimated from 0.06 to 9.72 cm s⁻² in the 11 cities studied with a 11-year average maximum value of about 1.1–2.7 cm s⁻² in April and July and a 11-year average minimum value of about 0.2–1.0 cm s⁻¹ in January. The SO₂ dry deposition velocity also exhibits an increasing with wind speed in basins of less than 500 mm annual precipitation. In contrast, due to influences of the relative humidity in valleys of more than 500 mm annual precipitation, it shows a decreasing trend with wind speed increasing.     

酱油废水脱色的影响因素及机制

在试验研究的基础上．确定溶解氧、pH值、金属离子等对酱油废水色度降解的影响，明确了酱油废水色度构成物质的转化条件及适宜于COD和色度同步去除的运行控制条件，研究表明，在厌氧条件下，有机物质和色度构成物质同步去除，不发生明显的相互转化；在好氧条件下相当长的氧化时段中．色度构成物质及其它成分降解的中间产物重新转化造成色度增加，即存在着COD和色度的不同去除问题．控制水解酸化的pH在7．0～7．2的范围，向水中投加适量的Ca^2 ，有效避免了色度在处理过程中的反复转化，实现了色度与COD的同步去除．     

Size fractionation of organic matter and heavy metals in raw and treated leachate

This study characterized the organic matter and heavy metals in the leachate from two typical municipal solid waste (MSW) sanitary landfills in China, the recently established (3-year-old) Liulitun landfill and the mature (11-year-old) Beishenshu landfill, using a size fractionation procedure. The organic matter of all raw and treated leachate samples primarily existed in a truly-dissolved fraction with an apparent molecular weight (AMW) of <1 kDa, and its percentage decreased with an increase in overall AMW. The leachate from the newer landfill had a higher percentage of truly-dissolved organic matter. After anaerobic treatment, this leachate had a similar size fraction of organic matter to that seen for the raw leachate of the mature landfill. Biochemical processes had different removal efficiencies for various types of AMW organic matter, and the concentration of moderate AMW organic matter appeared to increase throughout these processes. Most of the heavy metals existed in a colloidal fraction (AMW >1 kDa and particle size <0.45 μm). The behaviors of different species of heavy metals had large variations. The size fractions of heavy metal species were significantly affected by treatment processes and landfill age, except for Zn. The concentration ratio of heavy metals to organic matter was maximal in the colloidal fraction and showed an inverse change to that seen for organic matter concentration changes caused by biochemical processes. Consequently, the pollution levels of heavy metals were substantially increased by treatment processes, although their concentrations decreased.     

用17O核磁共振研究液态水的团簇结构

阐述了利用核磁共振谱线宽表征液态水团簇结构平均相对大小的原理 ,通过试验确定了以 17O核磁共振谱线宽作为衡量液态水团簇结构平均相对大小的指标 ,并以温度升高过程中液态水 17O NMR谱线宽的变化对该指标进行了初步的验证 .     

)]发光细菌法在水质综合毒性在线检测中的应用

以海洋发光细菌费氏弧菌(Vibrio fischeri)作为检测生物,采用冻干菌粉快速复苏技术,研究费氏弧菌在水质检测中的最佳测试温度和有效性测试条件,并对硫酸锌等多种毒物和几种实际水样进行发光抑制作用分析。研究表明,费氏弧菌冻干粉复苏菌液保存在2~5℃条件下能有效测试7 d,最佳测试温度为15℃,最佳测试时间为15 min。氯化汞、硫酸锌、硫酸镉等重金属和苯胺、多菌灵、甲醛等有机毒物对费氏弧菌均具有较强的光抑制作用,也即费氏弧菌对以上毒物较为敏感,并能够连续7 d保持对同一浓度硫酸锌的敏感性较为一致。对几种实际水样的测试和分析表明,以费氏弧菌为指示生物的发光细菌法能够应用于水质环境安全的综合毒性在线监测预警中。     

铜及其与四环素的联合暴露对斑马鱼胚胎的毒性效应

近年来工业和养殖业中铜和四环素的滥用,导致了一定的水环境污染问题。为探究铜与四环素对水生生物的毒害作用,选择斑马鱼作为受试生物,研究了铜及其与四环素的联合暴露对斑马鱼胚胎的毒性效应,并进一步探索了其可能的致毒机制。结果表明：铜在低浓度下（10%致死浓度LC10=2.5 μg?L-1,10%效应浓度EC10=0.1 μg?L-1）明显延迟了斑马鱼胚胎的孵化、卵黄囊吸收、头部、鱼鳔和体长等生长指标的发育,同时在心脏区域引起明显细胞凋亡效应。幼鱼体内总铜含量检测结果显示低浓度下铜的生物利用度相对更高。基因表达结果显示环境浓度的铜可能通过影响神经和心脏相关基因的表达引起斑马鱼胚胎的神经发育和心脏发育异常。铜和四环素的联合暴露实验结果表明二者的复合污染类型为拮抗作用,且两者相互作用可以形成络合物。综合以上结论,说明环境浓度的铜可能通过细胞凋亡、分子水平的变化等方式对水生生物的早期生长发育产生危害,如延迟生长发育、神经及心脏发育异常,另外铜可通过和四环素等环境中其他污染物的结合改变铜的生物有效性和毒性。