The application of profluorescent nitroxides to detect reactive oxygen species derived from combustion-generated particulate matter: Cigarette smoke – A case study

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and related free radicals are considered to be key factors underpinning the various adverse health effects associated with exposure to ambient particulate matter. Therefore, measurement of ROS is a crucial factor for assessing the potential toxicity of particles. In this work, a novel profluorescent nitroxide, BPEAnit, was investigated as a probe for detecting particle-derived ROS. BPEAnit has a very low fluorescence emission due to inherent quenching by the nitroxide group, but upon radical trapping or redox activity, a strong fluorescence is observed. BPEAnit was tested for detection of ROS present in mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke. In the case of mainstream cigarette smoke, there was a linear increase in fluorescence intensity with an increasing number of cigarette puffs, equivalent to an average of 101 nmol ROS per cigarette based on the number of moles of the probe reacted. Sidestream cigarette smoke sampled from an environmental chamber exposed BPEAnit to much lower concentrations of particles, but still resulted in a clearly detectible increase in fluorescence intensity with sampling time. It was calculated that the amount of ROS was equivalent to 50 ± 2 nmol per mg of particulate matter; however, this value decreased with ageing of the particles in the chamber. Overall, BPEAnit was shown to provide a sensitive response related to the oxidative capacity of the particulate matter. These findings present a good basis for employing the new BPEAnit probe for the investigation of particle-related ROS generated from cigarette smoke as well as from other combustion sources.     

喀斯特生态治理区可持续发展能力评价——以贵州毕节鸭池、遵义龙坪、沿河淇滩示范区为例

为检验喀斯特生态治理区的治理效果,以贵州省毕节鸭池、遵义龙坪、沿河淇滩3个示范区为例,从资源承载力、环境支持力、人口发展与支持能力、经济发展能力、社会发展能力5个方面,选择45个单项指标,建立评价指标体系,采用“纵横向”拉开档次动态综合评价法,评价3个示范区2005、2007年的可持续发展能力。结果显示：空间上看,龙坪示范区的可持续发展能力最好,鸭池示范区次之,淇滩示范区最差;时间上对比,龙坪示范区和淇滩示范区的发展能力2007年比2005年有所提高,〖JP2〗鸭池示范区稍有退步。根据各示范区的主要人 地矛盾,提出控制人口、优化配置水土资源、加大林牧产业比重等对策,以提高其可持续发展能力,并为同类地区的可持续发展提供借鉴。     

Sedimentary record of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and DDTs in Dianchi Lake, an urban lake in Southwest China

Unique time trends of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) were found in a dated sediment core from Dianchi Lake (DC), an urban lake in Southwest China. The temporal trend of PAHs in DC was not only different from those in China's coastline and remote lakes of China, but also different from those in more developed countries. Identification of sources suggested that PAHs in DC originated primarily from domestic combustion of coal and biomass. However, a change of source from low- and moderate-temperature combustion to high-temperature combustion processes was observed. Different from those in China's coastline and some developed countries, the temporal trend of DDTs in DC mirrored the historical usage of DDTs in China, with erosion of soils and surface runoff from its drainage area the most likely routes of DDT introduction to the lake. Rapid urbanization and industrialization in its catchment, effective interception of point-source pollution, and changes in sources of energy during the last few decades have significantly influenced the vertical profiles of PAHs in DC.     

锑的表生地球化学行为与环境危害效应

锑(Sb)是一种典型的有毒有害重金属元素。由于自然过程和人为活动的影响,锑及其化合物广泛分布于大气、土壤、水体等表生环境中,锑的环境污染日益严重。Sb不是植物必需元素,但能够被植物体及农作物吸收。Sb对人体和动物体产生慢性毒性及潜在致癌性。本文主要通过分析Sb的主要矿物、锑及其化合物在表生环境中的分布与迁移特性,来阐述人体可能的锑暴露途径及由此产生的环境危害效应。     

运用硼同位素进行古气候重建的研究进展

海水中硼的同位素组成受海水pH控制,海洋生物碳酸盐形成过程中海水的硼主要以B(OH)4-形式进入碳酸盐晶格,该过程不产生同位素分馏,因此海洋生物碳酸盐的硼同位素组成能够反映海水中B(OH)4-的硼同位素组成,进而指示当时海水的pH值,再根据海水与大气间CO2溶解平衡关系可以间接获得当时大气CO2分压。最近十多年来成功地运用生物碳酸盐硼同位素研究了过去20 Ma以来不同时间段古海水pH演化历史以及大气CO2分压的变化历史,使得硼同位素成为研究古气候的新方法。由于大气CO2分压对海水pH变化的响应非常灵敏,必须对各参数的取值进行严格的论证,而且模型本身的合理性及精确性也要进一步讨论。本文详细地介绍了硼同位素-pH方法的理论模型以及近年来运用该方法研究古气候取得的主要成果,同时对模型本身的研究进展也进行了阐述。     

贵阳市一居民区大气颗粒态汞的污染状况

2004年4、7、8、11、12月采用微型捕集管-冷原子荧光光谱法对贵阳市一个居民区大气中的痕量颗粒态总汞(TPM)进行了测定。结果表明:TPM日均浓度范围是0.149~4.853 ng.m-3,平均值是1.091 ng.m-3,显著高于背景参考值1~86 pg.m-3;TPM浓度采暖期大于非采暖期,夜间通常大于白昼;TPM与大气气态总汞(TGM)可能具有同源性;燃煤、垃圾焚烧以及周边工厂排放的含尘烟气可能是居民区大气颗粒态汞的主要人为来源。     

梵净山不同森林植被生物量、净生产量、碳储量及空间分布特征

为做好梵净山国家级自然保护区森林植被保护,摸清自然保护区森林植被资源家底,采用2016年第四次森林资源规划设计调查数据及变更至2019年的森林资源数据,计算和分析保护区内森林植被生物量、净生产量、碳储量.梵净山8种森林类型的总生物量为443.72×104 t,总碳储量为219.80×104 t,总生长量为29.75×1...     

Use of native mosses as biomonitors of heavy metals and nitrogen deposition in the surroundings of two steel works

A biomonitoring survey using the moss species Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. was conducted in the surroundings of two steel plants located in the North of Spain. Levels of V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Hg, Pb and N were determined. Very high concentrations in the areas of study were detected when compared to nearby unaffected regions. Similar trends were observed for all the elements in the differently orientated transects, showing an appreciable influence of the NW prevailing winds of the region in the dispersion of pollutants, as well as a clear decreasing gradient in the concentrations of metals in mosses within a distance of 1500 meters from the facilities. A differentiation between the elements emitted by the chimney as result of the industrial activity (V, Cr, Ni, Cu and As) and those with a high presence in steel slag deposits (Zn, Cd, Hg and Pb) was observed. The range of contamination was also established by means of the Contamination Factor, indicating a category 4 out of 6 categories, which shows the high levels reported in the areas of study. A different dynamic was registered for nitrogen regarding the rest of the heavy metals analysed except for Hg, probably due to the elevated volatility and mobility of both elements, as well as their high persistence in the atmosphere.     

Mercury pollution in a mining area of Guizhou,China: Fluxes over contaminated surfaces and concentrations in air,biological and geological samples

A dynamic flux chamber has been used to estimate fluxes of mercury over different types of surfaces in an abandoned open‐cut mine of Tongren prefecture, Guizhou province, China during spring and summer of 1996. The highest fluxes were obtained over cinnabar slag and contaminated soils, whereas the emissions above cinnabar ore were substantially lower. These fluxes was scaled up to estimate the contribution of mercury emissions to air from mercury wastes, compared to anthropogenic activities in the province of Guizhou, China. Atmospheric mercury concentrations measured were enhanced in the mining area (<1.3 μg m^‐3) compared to regional background sites (1.8–5.1 ng m^‐3). The spreading of mercury was estimated by using biological and geological samples. Moss bags have been employed to estimate long‐time dry‐ and wet‐deposition to this area.