环境样品中~(237)Np的ICP-MS分析研究进展

近年来,环境样品中237Np的准确测量受到越来越多的关注。随着质谱技术的发展,电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)成为研究和测量环境样品中237Np的重要手段。文章从样品制备、定量方法、干扰降低、进样系统改进、与色谱联用等方面,对ICP-MS分析环境样品中237Np的研究进展作了评述。     

The kinetic stability of colloid-associated plutonium: settling characteristics and species transformation

The colloid-associated plutonium-239, as the dominant species of Pu in natural environment, was formed through sorption of Pu onto in situ colloids. In case of chemical perturbations present in pore water, the fate and transport of Pu would be therefore impacted by changes in sorption affinity of Pu for the colloid surfaces. The present study reveals that colloidal ²³⁹Pu exhibited the kinetic stability in two respects. First, in situ colloids isolated from the vadose zone sediments at Lop Nor, when in contact with solutions of high ion concentrations or low pH, were significantly aggregated and then exhibited fast settling. Kinetics settling characteristics were described by the parameters, including settling index and characteristic time. Second, Pu dissociation from colloid surfaces occurred immediately after the introduction of Na⁺. However, the dissolved species was still unstable and had the potential for re-association with the fraction of colloids that had not settled out from the suspensions due to small size and then remained in suspension. This implies that Pu sorption sites on initial colloids were changed to the sites of suspended colloids.     

气溶胶在采样管中的沉积特性研究

为了正确评价气溶胶在采样管道中的粒子沉积损失,文章通过实验研究确定了采样管道中粒子沉积与有关参数之间的关系。气溶胶粒子粒径为0.04~8.30μm、采样流量为10~30 L/min、采样管道长度为10~35 m。结果表明,当气溶胶粒径约小于1μm时,穿透率随粒径增大而增加,当气溶胶粒径约大于1μm时;穿透率随粒径增加而减小;气溶胶粒子的穿透率随流速增大而增加;气溶胶粒子的穿透率随采样管长增加而减小。     

零价铝还原处理偶氮染料活性蓝222废水

为有效处理难生物降解的碱性偶氮染料废水,以典型偶氮染料RB222(活性蓝222)为处理对象,在碱性条件下直接采用零价铝进行还原处理,并系统评价了溶液pH、反应温度以及零价铝粉投加量等因素对偶氮染料分子降解效果的影响. 结果表明:随着pH从7.00增至12.00,脱色率从62.6%升至98.4%;零价铝粉投加量从5 g/L增至50 g/L,脱色率从90.8%升至98.8%. 零价铝还原处理偶氮染料最优条件:温度为60~80 ℃,零价铝粉投加量为10~25 g/L,体系pH为11. 在该条件下,经过2 h处理,脱色率超过99%,溶液可生化性〔ρ(BOD₅)/ρ(COD_Cr)〕从0.169升至0.386,易于后续生化处理. 电喷雾电离质谱(ESI-MS)和傅立叶变换红外线光谱分析仪(FTIR)分析表明,偶氮染料中—NN—(偶氮键)被破坏,还原产物中有苯胺类小分子. 根据试验结果推测偶氮染料的还原路径:水中的质子接受零价铝表面的电子生成活性氢,活性氢攻击—NN—,将偶氮化合物还原裂解成易于生物降解的苯胺类小分子物质. 通过处理江苏某地所取得的实际印染废水,废水的可生化性从0.126升至0.388,提高明显.      

沙粒在复合型阻沙措施附近沉积特性数值模拟

基于CFD软件,采用DPM模型对沙粒在复合型阻沙措施(阻沙堤与截沙沟组合而成)附近的运动轨迹和沉积特性进行了数值模拟。结果表明:阻沙堤对大粒径的沙粒拦截效果良好,大部分小粒径沙粒将越过阻沙堤顶部继续输运;在阻沙堤下风向气流(或沙粒)的附着点后增设截沙沟措施可显著提高对沙粒的拦截效率;阻沙堤与截沙沟间间距固定的情况下,增大截沙沟长度对促进沙粒沉积有显著影响。     

我国陆地表层土壤的238Pu水平和溯源分析

基于我国陆地表层土壤样品中²³⁸Pu本底水平数据缺少的问题,分析了采自全国多个地区陆地表层土壤样品中²³⁸Pu的比活度.结果表明,我国陆地表层土壤样品中²³⁸Pu比活度很低,范围在0.007~0.045Bq/kg,²³⁸Pu/^239+240Pu活度比范围为0.032~0.041,这些数值均与周边国家和中纬度地区的报道值接近.根据二元模型对我国陆地表层土壤的²³⁸Pu来源进行分析,结果表明我国表层土壤样品中²³⁸Pu主要来源于核试验的全球沉降和SNAP-9A的沉降.     

Analysis and assessment of the Qingdao crude oil vapor explosion accident: Lessons learnt

A devastating crude oil vapor explosion accident, which killed 62 people and injured 136, occurred on November 22, 2013. It was one of the most disastrous vapor cloud explosion accidents that happened in Qingdao's storm drains in China. It was noted that blast overpressure and flying debris were the main causes of human deaths, personal injuries and structure damages. Two months after the accident, it was reported that there were three contentious issues in the investigation report. First issue was the discrepancy between the temperature of the crude oil vapor explosive limits which were measured by the investigation panel and the temperature reported by the local fire department. Second issue was the contradiction between the upper explosive limit and vapor pressure of the crude oil vapor. The last issue was the location of the ignition source which led to the explosion.In the present study some specific features of this accident and various causes led to the explosion, high casualties and severe damages were analyzed. Three contentious issues in the official investigation report were investigated and tested in detail. The first element tested was the explosive limits and limiting oxygen concentration of the crude oil vapor at different temperatures. Based on theoretical analysis and field investigations, the last two elements in the report were analyzed from multiple perspectives. Based on the TNO Multi-Energy model and PROBIT equations, damage probability of affected people at the leaking site was also estimated. The investigation concluded with a result that precautions need to be taken to prevent flammable gas explosions in the drainage systems. Key steps were explicitly discussed for improving the hazard identification and risk assessment of similar accidents in the future.     

核环境地下水评价源项模型及浓度计算

结合美国地下核试验场公开资料,分析了地下核爆炸的源项核素特征,在源项释放和核素迁移过程概化的基础上,建立以水力释放和玻璃体浸出为主要机制的源项释放浓度计算模式,对3H、90Sr和239Pu释放到地下水的浓度进行了理论计算。结果表明:3H、90Sr和239Pu向地下水的释放是一个连续、缓慢的过程,就核素释放浓度曲线递减程度而言,3H>90Sr>239Pu,但浓度并不是短期内显著降低。在地下水污染安全评价中,应重视源强及其持续时间的分析,以使环境模型能更为合理地反映核素迁移行为。     

用于气溶胶采样预分离的直流式旋风分离器

频繁的滤材堵塞是大气气溶胶采样器(流量大于500 m3/h)运行中常见的问题,安装预分离器是缓解这一问题的有效途径之一。研究了可用于这种气溶胶取样器预分离的旋风分离器,确定了使用轴流进气直流式的结构。在惯性分离理论的基础上,提出了切割粒径的计算方法。建立了流量为700～800 m3/h的预分离器性能测试装置和方法,并对3个旋风分离器性能进行了测试。实验结果表明:3个旋风分离器的切割粒径在12～14.5μm,与计算较好地符合;性能最佳的旋风分离器的切割粒径为14.5μm,10μm颗粒的透过率为73%,符合技术要求。     

核素迁移柱法实验和模拟计算

提出了一种计算土柱实验中核素迁移参数的方法,并采用脉冲源法测定了核素在土柱中的水流速度、弥散系数,使用计算软件对核素的流出曲线进行了数值模拟,并对影响核素流出时间的参数进行了灵敏度分析.结果表明,在本实验条件下,CXTFIT程序能对实验值给出很好的拟合,含有化学平衡吸附的对流-弥散模型可较好地模拟核素在土柱中的运移特性,水流速度对核素的流出时间影响最大.