AnMBR-Anammox耦合污水甲烷回收及自养脱氮的工艺特性研究

本研究分别启动了厌氧膜生物反应器(anaerobic membrane bioreactor, AnMBR)和部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化反应器(Partial Nitrification/Anammox, PN/A),两者达到稳态后耦合为"AnMBR+PN/Anammox"新系统,实现前段有机质甲烷化、后段自养脱氮的污水处理目的.耦合系统运行结果表明:化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand, COD)在AnMBR的去除率为96%,其中80.3%的COD在此段转化为CH_4,Anammox内一定的反硝化作用进一步强化了COD去除,系统COD总去除率达97%以上;氮污染物经AnMBR处理后均以NH~+_4-N形态存在,再经PN/A处理后,总氮(total nitrogen, TN)平均去除率达78%;系统出水COD和TN值分别低于13和11 mg·L~(-1).因此,AnMBR-Anammox耦合系统在同步实现污水甲烷回收、自养脱氮、低碳氮排放方面具有显著优势,本研究结果为开发AnMBR-Anammox耦合新工艺提供了理论依据.     

超声活化过硫酸盐降解甲基橙的影响因素研究

利用频率为40 kHz的超声（US）活化过硫酸盐（PS）氧化降解甲基橙.系统研究了超声（US）声强、过硫酸盐（PS）浓度对US/PS组合工艺降解甲基橙的影响.采用单独超声（US）或单独过硫酸盐（PS）时，甲基橙的降解率随US声强和PS浓度的增加而增大.在PS浓度为0.5~3 mmol·L^-1和US声强为0.22~0.54 W·cm^-2条件下，60 min时甲基橙的最大降解率分别为52.22%和16.7%.采用US/PS高级氧化工艺时，甲基橙的降解率也随PS浓度和US声强的增加而增大，60 min时甲基橙的最大降解率高达87.38%，比单独US和PS提高70.68%和35.16%.同种条件下，TOC的降解率小于甲基橙的降解率.甲醇和叔丁醇（自由基抑制剂）的加入降低甲基橙的降解率，且甲醇对甲基橙降解的抑制程度更明显.US/PS高级氧化工艺对甲基橙的降解主要依靠硫酸根自由基.     

Impacts of meteorological situations and chemical reactions on daily dry deposition of nitrogen into the southern North Sea

The impact of the meteorological situation and chemistry on dry deposition to the southern North Sea is investigated. The studies are performed using a high-resolution meteorology/chemistry model system of different complexity for a five-day period in June 1998. The simulations consider passive tracer transport (Case I), gas phase chemistry (Case II), gas phase plus simple aerosol chemistry (Case III), gas phase plus size dependent aerosol chemistry (Case IV). The results show a very good agreement of meteorology model results with measured data and a reasonable agreement for the concentrations. The dry deposition to the southern North Sea differs a factor of three to seven within the investigated five-day period. Differences are larger for a more complex chemistry. The average dry deposition increases by a factor of three when including gas phase reactions or adding a simple aerosol model and up to a factor of eleven when considering a sectional aerosol model. The input composition depends on the chemistry considered.     

储气库注采管柱螺纹失效动态风险评估*

为解决储气库注采管柱螺纹失效问题,识别注采管柱螺纹失效致因与后果,基于蝴蝶结和贝叶斯网络方法构建注采管柱螺纹动态失效风险分析模型,采用模糊集理论计算模型变量先验概率,并评估注采管柱失效后果概率,从而推断注采管柱螺纹失效关键致因因素;引入先兆数据,评估注采管柱螺纹动态失效风险态势。结果表明:气体中携带固体颗粒、上螺纹速度过快、注采温度高、地层断裂等13个因素对螺纹失效风险影响较大;螺纹失效概率逐渐增大,螺纹失效后果也越来越严重,需要监控螺纹失效关键致因以降低螺纹失效的风险。     

电子废弃物回收利用体系建设初探

电子废弃物是目前世界上增长最快的固体废弃物之一,其不合理处置会造成人体健康危害和环境污染,作为一种潜在可回收利用的二次资源,正日益引起人们的高度关注。概述了当前世界上一些发达国家电子废弃物回收利用体系现状,分析了我国目前的相关情况,提出了建设电子废弃物综合回收利用体系对于构建循环经济和和谐社会的必要性与重要性。     

丈八沟人工湖水质评估与基本对策

中国湖泊富营养化的现象十分严重,以景观用途为主的人工湖泊的问题尤为突出。大多湖泊的富营养化都有加重趋势,基本丧失其功能,对湖泊富营养化的预防治理已成当务之急。通过对丈八沟人工湖的水质监测、分析,探讨了引起人工湖泊富营养化的成因,提出了对于人工湖泊富营养化的治理方案。分析表明：引起人工湖泊富营养化的主要原因包括外源性污染和内源性污染,对于湖泊富营养化的治理措施宜采用内环境治理和外环境整治结合的方式。     

Investigation and assessment of micropollutants and associated biological effects in wastewater treatment processes

Currently, the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) attempt to achieve the shifting from general pollution parameters control to reduction of organic micropollutants discharge. However, they have not been able to satisfy the increasing ecological safety needs. In this study, the removal of micropollutants was investigated, and the ecological safety was assessed for a local WWTP. Although the total concentration of 31 micropollutants detected was reduced by 83% using the traditional biological treatment processes, the results did not reflect chemicals that had poor removal efficiencies and low concentrations. Of the five categories of micropollutants, herbicides, insecticides, and bactericides were difficult to remove, pharmaceuticals and UV filters were effectively eliminated. The specific photosynthesis inhibition effect and non-specific bioluminescence inhibition effect from wastewater were detected and evaluated using hazardous concentration where 5% of aquatic organisms are affected. The photosynthesis inhibition effect from wastewater in the WWTP was negligible, even the untreated raw wastewater. However, the bioluminescence inhibition effect from wastewater which was defined as the priority biological effect, posed potential ecological risk. To decrease non-specific biological effects, especially of macromolecular dissolved organic matter, overall pollutant reduction strategy is necessary. Meanwhile, the ozonation process was used to further decrease the bioluminescence inhibition effects from the secondary effluent; ≥ 0.34 g O₃/g DOC of ozone dose was recommended for micropollutants elimination control and ecological safety.     

硝化生物膜系统对低温的适应特性:MBBR和IFAS

为探明硝化生物膜系统对低温的适应特性,在不同温度(20、 15和10℃)下长期运行移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)和生物膜-活性污泥复合工艺(IFAS)并考察温度降低对其硝化性能、生物膜特性及群落结构的影响,以期为生物膜系统在污水处理行业的应用提供理论依据.结果表明,当温度降低至10℃时,MBBR和IFAS的氨氮去除率分别为(90.88±5.73)%和(99.79±0.31)%,表明IFAS比MBBR具有更好的低温适应性.这是由于低温导致胞外聚合物(EPS)含量的增加,进而促使生物膜厚度及干重不断升高,而相同负荷下的MBBR生物膜更容易堵塞,从而影响传质.活性测定结果表明,尽管IFAS中活性污泥的硝化贡献率始终占主导地位,但随着温度降低,生物膜的氨氧化贡献率从30.72%逐渐上升至39.85%,起到了强化硝化的作用.qPCR结果显示,温度的降低使生物膜中硝化细胞拷贝数上升,其与低温下生物膜厚度的增加一定程度上弥补了硝化活性的衰减,从而体现了生物膜对低温较强的适应性.     

草甘膦在高指{201}二氧化钛表面的吸附去除

有机磷农药草甘膦(PMG)的广泛使用和环境残留严重威胁人体健康,其去除治理是环境领域面临的一大挑战.本文研究了草甘膦在高指{201}晶面二氧化钛(TiO_2)上的吸附行为,探讨了吸附时间、溶液pH和草甘膦浓度对吸附效率的影响,并通过Zeta电位表征和电荷分布多位点络合(CD-MUSIC)模型考察了草甘膦在二氧化钛上的络合结构.结果表明,{201}TiO_2对草甘膦的吸附在40 min内即可达到吸附平衡,吸附动力学符合准二级动力学方程.吸附等温线符合Langmuir方程,说明其吸附过程主要是近似单分子层的化学吸附.pH对吸附效率影响较大,酸性条件有利于草甘膦的吸附去除.Zeta电位的表征结果表明,草甘膦吸附后TiO_2表面等电点从5.6向左偏移至4.2,说明形成带负电的内层配合物,进一步的红外光谱结果表明草甘膦以P—O—Ti的络合形式与TiO_2表面结合.CD-MUSIC模型拟合结果表明草甘膦与TiO_2表面可能形成单齿单核或双齿双核的内层络合结构.本研究结果对深入理解草甘膦的微观界面行为及去除具有重要意义.     

基于2D-COS分析的难凝聚有机物臭氧化特性研究

基于二维相关光谱分析,对污水厂二级出水难凝聚有机物的臭氧化特性进行了研究.结果表明,混凝很难去除污水厂二级出水中的溶解性有机物,污水厂二级出水溶解性有机物大部分属于难凝聚有机物,以腐殖酸类物质为主.臭氧氧化可以降低二级出水混凝后上清液的色度及UV₂₅₄,去除率分别可达到70%和40%以上,但是对难凝聚有机物的去除率较低,去除率在10%以下,只是与难凝聚有机物进行了反应,改变其性质.同时,臭氧可以降低二级出水中难凝聚有机物的荧光强度,其中腐殖酸类物质的荧光强度降低较为明显.基于不同臭氧投加量下难凝聚有机物的同步荧光分析,可以得到二级出水难凝聚有机物的二维相关光谱,结果表明,腐殖酸类物质对臭氧氧化最为敏感,腐殖酸类物质与富里酸类物质相比会优先和臭氧反应.