景观地带设置形式对人员疏散流动效率的影响研究*

为研究景观地带设置形式对周边人员疏散流动效率的影响,在实地调研景观地带设置形式基础上,运用Pathfinder软件设计8种情景模拟,探究不同景观点形状、位置和不同流动路径对人员疏散流动效率的影响。研究结果表明:在单边单向通行路径中,方形景观比圆形景观更有优势,将景观点以周边通道宽度的10%向人流输出方向平移设置,可获得最佳人员疏散流动效率;在双边双向通行路径中,圆形景观比方形景观更有利于形成稳定高效的疏散人流。     

Water-lifting and aeration system improves water quality of drinking water reservoirs: Biological mechanism and field application

Reservoirs have been served as the major source of drinking water for dozens of years. The water quality safety of large and medium reservoirs increasingly becomes the focus of public concern. Field test has proved that water-lifting and aeration system (WLAS) is a piece of effective equipment for in situ control and improvement of water quality. However, its intrinsic bioremediation mechanism, especially for nitrogen removal, still lacks in-depth investigation. Hence, the dynamic changes in water quality parameters, carbon source metabolism, species compositions and co-occurrence patterns of microbial communities were systematically studied in Jinpen Reservoir within a whole WLAS running cycle. The WLAS operation could efficiently reduce organic carbon (19.77%), nitrogen (21.55%) and phosphorus (65.60%), respectively. Biolog analysis revealed that the microbial metabolic capacities were enhanced via WLAS operation, especially in bottom water. High-throughput sequencing demonstrated that WLAS operation altered the diversity and distributions of microbial communities in the source water. The most dominant genus accountable for aerobic denitrification was identified as Dechloromonas. Furthermore, network analysis revealed that microorganisms interacted more closely through WLAS operation. Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and total nitrogen (TN) were regarded as the two main physicochemical parameters influencing microbial community structures, as confirmed by redundancy analysis (RDA) and Mantel test. Overall, the results will provide a scientific basis and an effective way for strengthening the in-situ bioremediation of micro-polluted source water.     

微滤过程中腐殖酸与膜表面黏附特性的试验研究

为了进一步研究微滤过程中腐殖酸对微滤膜的污染机制,通过运用原子力显微镜(AFM),结合自制的PVDF胶体探针考察了不同的pH、离子强度以及钙离子浓度等水质条件下膜-腐殖酸与腐殖酸-腐殖酸之间微观黏附力的变化趋势以及与膜的通量衰减幅度之间的相关性.结果发现,微观黏附力是膜面污染产生的根本原因.由于pH的电性中和以及离子强度的电性屏蔽作用,膜-腐殖酸以及腐殖酸-腐殖酸之间黏附力随着pH的减小或离子强度的增大都呈增大趋势;而随着钙离子浓度的增大,由于少量钙离子的"架桥"作用以及过量时的电性中和作用,两种黏附力先增大后减小.各条件下,膜-腐殖酸与腐殖酸-腐殖酸之间黏附力都呈相同的变化趋势,且与对应污染膜的通量衰减幅度具有正相关性,为更加深入了解膜污染的形成机制提供了一定的理论支持.     

Estimation of Contamination Sources of Human Enteroviruses in a Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation System by PCR–DGGE

A polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR–DGGE) method was employed to estimate the contamination sources of human enteroviruses and understand how their dominant strains vary in a wastewater treatment and reclamation system consisting of sewage collection, wastewater treatment with membrane bioreactor and open lakes for reclaimed water storage and reuse. After PCR–DGGE using a selected primer set targeting enteroviruses, phylogenetic analysis of acquired enterovirus gene sequences was performed. Enteroviruses identified from the septic tank were much more diverse than those from grey water and kitchen wastewater. Several unique types of enterovirus different from those in wastewater samples were dominant in a biological wastewater treatment unit. Membrane filtration followed by chlorination was proved effective for physically eliminating enteroviruses; however, secondary contamination likely occurred as the reclaimed water was stored in artificial lakes. Enterovirus 71 (EV71), a hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) viral pathogen, was detected mainly from the artificial lakes, implying that wastewater effluent was not the contamination source of EV71 and that there were unidentified non-point sources of the contamination with the HFMD viral pathogen in the reclaimed water stored in the artificial lakes. The PCR–DGGE targeting enteroviruses provided robust evidence about viral contamination sources in the wastewater treatment and reclamation system.     

异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌YL的脱氮特性

针对传统自养硝化-厌氧反硝化工艺流程长、脱氮效率低的问题,从驯化成熟且具有高效同步硝化反硝化作用的SBR反应器中筛得1株异养硝化菌YL,经鉴定为铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa),并通过单因子试验和正交试验对其异养硝化和好氧反硝化特性进行了研究.结果表明,菌株YL进行氨氧化作用的最适条件为:碳源为琥珀酸钠、C/N为10、p H为7.0、温度为30℃、转速为160~200 r·min-1,此时氨氧化速率为5.05 mg·(g·h)-1,TOC转化速率为45.95 mg·(g·h)-1,氨氮和TOC去除率分别为100%和90.8%;菌株YL还能够利用亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐和羟胺进行生长代谢,去除率分别为92.7%、93.6%和94.8%;影响菌株YL好氧反硝化性能最主要的因素为C/N,在最优条件(C/N=10,T=30℃,r=200 r·min-1,p H=7)下,硝氮去除率为94.6%,总氮去除率76.3%.表明菌株YL能够独立快速高效地完成异养硝化和好氧反硝化脱氮过程.     

水源水库沉积物中营养元素分布特征与污染评价

为了揭示水源水库沉积物中的营养元素分布对水体富营养化的影响,以周村水库为研究对象,采用现场取样及实验室分析方法,探究了沉积物中营养元素的分布特征,并对TOC与TN、TP的相关性进行了分析,同时参考沉积物质量评价指南并采用综合污染指数对沉积物的污染状况进行了评价.结果表明,周村水库研究区域沉积物TOC含量均随深度增加而下降,而沉积物中氮负荷有增加的趋势,磷则表现出表层富集现象,表明周村水库沉积物营养盐负荷在加重;TOC与TN、TP存在较好的相关性,相关系数分别为r=0.68(P0.01)、r=0.89(P0.01),TOC/TN值表明,纤维束植物碎屑是水库沉积物有机质的主要来源;综合污染指数评价结果表明,3个采样点表层沉积物均达到重度污染程度,表层沉积物中TN、TP含量分别为3 273~4 870 mg·kg~(-1)、653~2 969 mg·kg~(-1),TOC含量为45.65~83.00mg·g~(-1),均超过沉积物质量评价指南规定的引发最低级别生态毒性效应的标准值,周村水库沉积物存在较大安全风险,水体面临富营养化威胁.     

从亚硝酸还原厌氧氨氧化转变为硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化

在UASB反应器内,研究了由亚硝酸盐型厌氧氨氧化转变为硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化的过程及其微生物群落变化.结果表明,历时177 d成功实现了硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化.进水氨氮和硫酸盐浓度分别为130 mg·L-1和500 mg·L-1下,反应器对氨氮和硫酸盐的去除率分别达到58.9%和15.7%,对氨氮和硫酸盐的去除负荷为74.3 mg·(L·d)-1和77.5 mg·(L·d)-1,氮、硫损失摩尔比约为2,出水p H值低于进水.污泥中细菌从以球菌为主转变成以短杆菌为主,菌群中细菌由Candidatus brocadia为优势种转变为以Bacillus benzoevorans为优势种.说明完成这两种厌氧氨氧化的优势菌不同,两种厌氧氨氧化并非同一种菌参与完成的.     

生物滴滤塔的固定化技术研究

为降低微生物烟气脱硫的成本,以氧化亚铁硫杆菌为对象,研究更优的固定化技术。以2 mol/L的FeCl₃溶液为改性剂,对陶粒进行高温灼烧,改变其表面物理化学性质。采用塔内和塔外相结合的方式,用经微波照射90 s后的突变菌对改性陶粒进行挂膜。结果显示,微波处理后的突变菌活性更高,陶粒改性后比表面积和表面粗糙度增加,塔内外结合挂膜方式能有效缩短挂膜时间,提高挂膜质量。     

废砖块作为人工湿地填料的除磷能力研究

对废砖块的物理化学特性进行了分析,并对其进行了磷素吸附能力试验,结果表明,废砖块适于湿地微生物的富集和植物的生长且具有较高的磷素吸附能力.通过构建以废砖块为填料的垂直流人工湿地系统考察并初步探索了其对生活污水中磷素的去除效果和去除机制.结果表明,当水力负荷为5 cm·d-1、运行时间为1 a时,湿地系统除磷效率在90%以上,且效果稳定;废砖块的吸附沉淀作用是湿地系统除磷的主要途径,而植物和微生物直接吸收所起的作用不大;被截留磷素在湿地填料层中具有明显的空间特征,对废砖块中的无机磷形态分析结果表明,废砖块中能与磷素发生沉淀反应的元素含量和其在废砖块中的化学形态是影响其吸附沉淀磷素作用途径的重要因素.因此,废砖块是人工湿地污水处理系统构建过程中较为理想的填料.     

Biodegradation of N,N-dimethylacetamide by Rhodococcus sp. strain B83 isolated from the rhizosphere of pagoda tree

The biodegradation characteristic and potential metabolic pathway for removal of environmental N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC) by Rhodococcus sp. strain B83 was studied. Rhodococcus sp. strain B83 was isolated from the rhizosphere of a pagoda tree and proved capable of utilizing DMAC as sole source of carbon and nitrogen. Batch culture studies showed that strain B83 could tolerate up to 25 g/L DMAC and showed distinct growth on possible catabolic intermediates except for acetate. The nitrogen balance analysis revealed that approximately 71% of the initial nitrogen was converted to organic nitrogen. DMAC degradation has led to accumulation of acetate and organic nitrogen, meanwhile traces of nitrate and ammonia was build-up but without nitrite. The growth of strain B83 could be inhibited by adding exogenous acetate. By means of the assay of enzymatic degradation of DMAC, several catabolic intermediates at different intervals were observed and identified. Based on the results obtained from culture solution and enzymatic degradation assay, a detailed pathway is proposed for DMAC biodegradation.