Fluoride removal by Al, Ti, and Fe hydroxides and coexisting ion effect

Batch experiments were conducted to evaluate fluoride removal by Al,Fe,and Ti-based coagulants and adsorbents,as well as the effects of coexisting ions and formation of aluminum–fluoride complexes on fluoride removal by co-precipitation with alum(Al_2(SO_4)_3·18H_2O).Aluminum sulfate was more efficient than the other coagulants for fluoride removal in the pH range between 6 and 8.Nano-crystalline TiO_2 was more effective for fluoride removal than Al and Fe hydroxides in a pH range of 3–5.Coexisting anions in water decreased the removal of fluoride in the order:phosphate(2.5 mg/L) arsenate(0.1 mg/L) bicarbonate(200 mg/L) sulfate(100 mg/L) = nitrate(100 mg/L) silicate(10 mg/L) at a pH of 6.0.The effect of silicate became more significant at pH 7.0.Calcium and magnesium improved the removal of fluoride.Zeta-potential measurements determined that the adsorption of fluoride shifted the PZC of Al(OH)_3 precipitates from 8.9 to 8.4,indicating the chemical adsorption of fluoride at the surface.The presence of fluoride in solution significantly increased the soluble aluminum concentration at pH 6.5.A Visual MINTEQ modeling study indicated that the increased aluminum solubility was caused by the formation of AlF~(2+),AlF~(+2),and AlF_3complexes.The AlF_x complexes decreased the removal of fluoride during co-precipitation with aluminum sulfate.     

Study on the effects of organic matter characteristics on the residual aluminum and flocs in coagulation processes

Characteristics of organic matter may affect the residual aluminum after the coagulation process. This study reported the results of a survey for one drinking water treatment plant and measured the concentration of residual aluminum species with different molecular weights. Survey results indicated that humic acid or organic matter whose molecular weight was smaller than 1500 Da had significant effects on residual aluminum. All the treatment processes were ineffective in removing dissolved organic matter whose molecular weight was smaller than 1500 Da. These results also indicated that the addition of sand or polyacrylamide in the coagulation process could greatly decrease the concentration of humic acid, and the concentration of residual aluminum also decreased. These results revealed that for all water samples after filtration, the majority of total residual aluminum existed in the form of total dissolved aluminum, accounting for 70%–90%. The concentration of residual aluminum produced in bovine serum albumin solutions indicated that when the DOC was larger than 4.0 mg/L, there were still significant differences when the solution pH value varied from 4.0 to 9.0.     

硝酸盐氮对海菜花湿地处理低污染水的影响

为研究不同进水ρ（NO₃--N）下海菜花湿地对氮磷的去除效果及海菜花的生长情况和经济效益,在进水ρ（NH₄+-N）和ρ（TP）分别为（1.07±0.11）和（0.41±0.03）mg/L,水力负荷为0.05 m3/（m2·d）的条件下,构建了进水ρ（NO₃--N）依次为（1.52±0.48）（5.62±0.41）和（9.78±0.24）mg/L的三组湿地.结果表明:① 进水ρ（NO₃--N）为（1.52±0.48）（5.62±0.41）和（9.78±0.24）mg/L时,湿地运行稳定所需时间分别为15、55和69 d,ρ（NO₃--N）越高,湿地运行稳定所需的时间越长;运行稳定后三组湿地出水ρ（NO₃--N）分别为（0.24±0.03）（0.30±0.01）和（0.65±0.14）mg/L,NO₃--N去除率均达85%以上.② 湿地运行50 d后出水ρ（TP）均高于进水,后续试验应对基质进行改良.③ 进水ρ（NO₃--N）为（9.78±0.24）mg/L的湿地中海菜花叶片叶绿素及茎的收获量均明显低于其余两组湿地,较高的ρ（NO₃--N）对海菜花生长有明显的抑制作用.④ 进水ρ（NO₃--N）为（5.62±0.41）mg/L的湿地经济效益最大,为6.2×104元/（hm2·a）.研究显示,ρ（NO₃--N）低于10 mg/L时,海菜花湿地能有效去除低污染水中的NO₃--N;当ρ（NO₃--N）为5 mg/L左右时,湿地有较好的经济价值.      

西安市人为源大气氨排放清单及特征

根据西安市各类氨排放源活动水平数据,采用合理的估算方法和排放因子,建立了2013年西安市人为源大气氨排放清单.结果表明,2013年西安市人为源大气氨排放量为47.17×10~3t,排放强度为4.57 t·km~(-2);畜禽养殖和氮肥施用是排放贡献最大的两个人为源,氨排放量分别为20.55×10~3t和17.51×10~3t,占排放总量的80.68%;畜禽养殖中,牛和猪是最大的排放源,占畜禽养殖排放总量的75.03%;临潼区是排放量最大行政区,排放量为10.73×10~3t,分担率为23.22%;阎良区的排放强度最大,达到14.75 t·km~(-2).     

文博资源转化效率测度及影响因素研究——以陕西省为例

文博资源转化是中华优秀传统文化当代价值再诠释的重要方式。基于三阶DEA模型,测度了陕西省2014—2019年11个地级市博物馆文博资源转化效率,并结合Tobit模型对文博资源转化效率的影响因素进行了分析。结果发现:①陕西省文博资源转化效率具有空间差异性和时间动态变化性。②博物馆规模、专业人才和数字技术发展水平对文博资源转化效率具有积极作用,而政策规制和文博市场需求对文博资源转化效率产生消极影响。据此,从精准施策、发挥规模优势、强化智力支持、激发文博旅游动能和提升资源数字化管理水平等方面提出对策建议。     

CuNiFe LDHs/BiO2-x异质结可见光活化过硫酸盐降解环丙沙星

采用水热法成功合成了CuNiFe LDHs/BiO_2-x复合光催化剂,并在可见光照射下用于活化过硫酸盐（PMS）降解环丙沙星（CIP）.由于光催化和PMS活化的协同作用,CIP的去除率高达88.3%.利用XRD、FT-IR、SEM、XPS和UV-Vis DRS等方法对制备的光催化剂进行了表征.确定了CuNiFe LDHs的最佳负载量,并考察了PMS用量、初始pH值和无机阴离子（Cl^-、CO₃^2-和NO₃^-）对降解的影响.电子顺磁共振和自由基捕获实验表明·OH和h⁺是CIP降解的主要活性物种,并提出了该体系可能的降解机制.     

纳米TiO2/ZJ-01复合相促脱剂对高浓度氨氮吹脱效率的协同强化机制研究

为了强化煤化工废水中高浓度氨氮(500~7000mg/L)的吹脱去除效率,进一步减少投碱量,制备了一种纳米TiO₂/ZJ-01复合相促脱剂,并对其稳定性、促脱效率及强化机理进行了研究.结果表明,在有机组分质量分数6.0%,5nm TiO₂固含量0.4%,超声分散30min时,纳米TiO₂/ZJ-01复合相促脱剂性价比最好.在纳米TiO₂/ZJ-01复合相促脱剂投加量为7.5mL/L时,氨氮吹脱率便可以达到95.14%,且在任何pH值条件下投加纳米TiO₂/ZJ-01复合相促脱剂,氨氮吹脱率均能提高17.02%~32.46%.与直接吹脱法相比,投加纳米TiO₂/ZJ-01复合相促脱剂吹脱40min,原水pH=10时的氨氮吹脱率便已高于直接吹脱法pH=11.5时的氨氮吹脱率,极大降低了碱耗量.进一步对纳米TiO₂/ZJ-01复合相促脱剂作用机理研究发现,纳米TiO₂/ZJ-01复合相促脱剂能极大的降低气液相间表面张力,从而降低传质过程中的液膜阻力,减小气泡尺寸,增大传质接触面积,加快氨气的逸出;同时,在吹脱过程中纳米TiO₂/ZJ-01复合相促脱剂能够增强界面湍动及对流现象,加快气泡液膜表面部分更新,减少有效传质边界层厚度,从而降低氨氮传质阻力,强化了气液间传质的进行.     

Fenton氧化法对制革废水中难降解四羟甲基氯化磷的去除作用

制革废水中四羟甲基氯化磷(THPC)属于有机磷,其结构稳定、难降解、对微生物具有抑制作用,传统的生化处理技术不能有效地处理此类废水。采用Fenton氧化法处理含THPC制革废水,考察H₂O₂投加量、pH、m(Fe2+)/m(H₂O₂)、反应时间、紫外光波长等因素对TP和COD去除效果的影响,建立了TP降解的动力学模型。结果表明:在pH=4,H₂O₂投加量为6667 mg/L,m(Fe2+)/m(H₂O₂)=1,反应时间为80 min时,TP和COD去除率最高,分别达到43%和83%;紫外光助(波长185 nm)Fenton体系可提高THPC的降解效果;动力学模型研究发现,H₂O₂投加量分级数(q=1.065)高于有机物的底物分级数(a=0.858),表明Fenton体系降解TP的反应速率主要受H₂O₂投加量制约。     

Inactivation and subsequent reactivation of Aspergillus species by the combination of UV and monochloramine: Comparisons with UV/chlorine

Ultraviolet (UV)/monochloramine (NH₂Cl) as an advanced oxidation process was firstly applied for Aspergillus spores inactivation. This study aims to: i) clarify the inactivation and photoreactivation characteristics of UV/NH₂Cl process, ii) compared with UV/Cl₂ in inactivation efficiency, photoreactivation and energy consumption. The results illustrated that UV/NH₂Cl showed better inactivation efficiency than that of UV alone and UV/Cl₂, and could effectively control the photoreactivation. For instance, the inactivation rates for Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus in the processes of UV/NH₂Cl (2.0 mg/L) was 0.034, 0.030 and 0.061 cm²/mJ, respectively, which were higher than that of UV alone (0.027, 0.026 and 0.024 cm²/mJ) and UV/Cl₂ (0.023, 0.026 and 0.031 cm²/mJ). However, there was no synergistic effect for Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus. As for Aspergillus niger, the best synergistic effect can reach 1.86-log₁₀. This may be due to their different resistance to disinfectants, which were related to the size, an outer layer of rodlets (hydrophobins) and pigments. After UV/NH₂Cl inactivation, the degree of cell membrane damage and intracellular reactive oxygen species were higher than that of UV alone. UV/NH₂Cl had the advantages of high inactivation efficiency and inhibition of photoreactivation, which provides a new entry point for the disinfection of waterborne fungi.     

Demulsification performance and mechanism of oil droplets by electrocoagulation: Role of surfactant

Surfactants are widely used to improve the solubility of oil in water in petrochemical, making it more difficult to remove oil–water emulsions during the water treatment process. Electrocoagulation (EC) is an appropriate method for treating oily wastewater and destabilizing emulsions. However, the demulsification mechanism of oil–water droplets emulsified by surfactants with different charges have not been investigated systematically. The demulsification performance of electrocoagulation on emulsions wastewater containing cationic, non-ionic, and anionic surfactants was studied. The results showed that the removal rate of total organic carbon (TOC) in oily wastewater with anionic surfactant by EC reached 92.98% ± 0.40% at a current density of 1 mA/cm², while that of the non-ionic surfactant was 84.88% ± 0.63%. The characterization of flocs showed that EC has the highest coagulation and demulsification of oil droplets with a negative charge on the surface (−70.50 ± 10.25 mV), which indicated that the charge neutralization of oil droplets was beneficial for the destabilization of the formed oily flocs. However, when the zeta potential of the oil droplets reached 75.50 ± 1.25 mV, the TOC removal efficiency was only 11.80% ± 1.43%. The TOC removal could achieve 33.23% ± 3.21% when the current density improved from 1 mA/cm² to 10 mA/cm². The enhanced removal was due to the sweep coagulation rather than charge neutralization. This study provides a fundamental basis for the electrochemical treatment of oily wastewater.