Rainfall acidity as related to meteorological parameters in Northern Quebec

Summer-time rainfalls during 1980 and 1981 were collected at several sites near La Grande, 200 km inland from the James Bay coast, in Northern Quebec. These were analyzed for pH and the concentrations of major ions. Concurrent and prior measurements were also taken or derived for a series of meteorological parameters including 85 Kp level wind speed and direction, 85 Kp level air temperature, vertical air movement, these during and prior to rainfall, precipitation amount, duration and intensity, prior duration of precipitation, precipitation type, boundary layer height, surface pressure and surface pressure change and atmospheric divergence.Results demonstrate that wind speed at 85 Kp level 48–72 h prior to rainfall, wind direction at 85 Kp 72 h prior, air temperature at 85 Kp during rainfall and 60–72 h prior, vertical movement of the atmosphere 24 h prior, boundary layer height, surface pressure and surface pressure change and rainfall amount and duration at the site as well as prior duration of rainfall consistently correlate with the log₁₀ of major ions in rainfall. Also surface wind direction, precipitation type and the trajectory of air masses do not consistently relate to the pH of rainfall.     

升流式污泥床对无机废水中氮硫转化及相互影响

采用无机含氨和硫酸盐(SO₄^2-)废水作为升流式污泥床(USB)反应器进水,研究了其对铵(NH₄⁺)和SO₄^2-的去除以及不同高度污泥层含氮、硫元素的转化途径.结果表明在反应器进水口处由于进水自含氧(外源性氧)和兼性厌氧菌受到氧化应激产生过氧化氢(内源性氧),两种“氧”共同存在下,反应器内生物脱氨量(以氮计)最高达40mg/L左右,且在USB反应器不同高度污泥层含氮化合物和含硫化合物的转化途径不同.在反应器底部污泥层,颗粒污泥表面氨氧化菌利用O₂将氨(NH₄⁺)氧化成亚硝酸盐(NO₂^-),在颗粒污泥内部厌氧氨氧化菌利用NH₄⁺和NO₂^-生成氮气(N₂)和硝酸盐(NO₃^-);同时,O₂     

Hybrid constructed wetlands for highly polluted river water treatment and comparison of surface- and subsurface-flow cells

A series of large pilot constructed wetland （CW） systems were constructed near the confluence of an urban stream to a larger fiver in Xi＇an, a northwestern megacity in China, for treating polluted stream water before it entered the receiving water body. Each CW system is a combination of surface- and subsurface-flow cells with local gravel, sand or slag as substrates and Phragmites australis and Typha orientalis as plants. During a one-year operation with an average surface loading of 0.053 m3/（m2.day）, the overall COD, BOD, NH3-N, total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorus （TP） removals were 72.7% ~ 4.5%, 93.4% ＋ 2.1%, 54.0% ＋ 6.3%, 53.9% ~ 6.0% and 69.4% ：t： 4.6%, respectively, which brought about an effective improvement of the fiver water quality. Surface-flow cells showed better NH3-N removal than their TN removal while subsurface-flow cells showed better TN removal than their NH3-N removal. Using local slag as the substrate, the organic and phosphorus removal could be much improved. Seasonal variation was also found in the removal of all the pollutants and autumn seemed to be the best season for pollutant removal due to the moderate water temperature and well grown plants in the CWs.     

屋面雨水集汇过程中新污染物分布及归趋特性

雨水中新污染物（ECs）识别逐渐受到广泛关注,掌握其在降水过程赋存及迁变特性成为雨水资源化利用的关键. 选取典型屋面,研究了2023年春季3~5月期间6场降雨事件不同集汇过程中雨水水质状况及ECs赋存差异,采用主成分分析（PCA）和相关性分析,探明了屋面雨水集汇过程中ECs归趋特性. 结果表明,54种目标ECs在净湿沉降、干湿沉降和屋面径流过程中共检出44种,总浓度范围为63.0~432.4 ng·L^-1（平均值为166.8 ng·L^-1）. 其中,双酚A（BPA）浓度水平最高,其范围为14.7~265.6 ng·L^-1（平均值为62.5 ng·L^-1）,其次为氧氟沙星（OFX）和甲氧基肉桂酸乙基己酯（EHMC）;溶解性有机质（DOM）、氮污染物和颗粒物是影响ECs赋存特性的重要因子,Mantel相关系数最高可达0.98（P<0.01）;初期雨水集汇过程中净湿沉降的ECs浓度最高,而后期干湿沉降和屋面径流的ECs浓度较高,干、湿沉降对屋面径流的ECs平均贡献率分别为21.48%和78.52%,药品与个人护理品（PPCPs）、内分泌干扰物（EDCs）和农药等在集汇过程中超30%沉积在屋面. 研究结果可为城市屋面径流中的ECs识别和控制以及雨水安全利用提供科学理论依据.     

Oxidation rates of SO2 in sea-water and sea-salt aerosols

The oxidation rates of sodium sulphite in bulk sea water solutions have been measured and found to be second order in [S(IV) ]. The reaction is much faster than in pure water due to chloride ion catalysis. The rate of absorption of SO₂ into sea-salt aerosols at various relative humidities has also been studied using a radioactive tracing technique. The reaction was found to be zero order in gas phase SO₂ concentration over the range 0.1–2 ppm. The reaction rate in the aerosols is several orders of magnitude faster than in sea water presumably due to the higher concentrations of Cl⁻ and other ions. The reaction rates both in the bulk solutions and in the aerosols were found to be faster for artificially prepared ‘sea water’ than for natural sea water, probably due to the absence of organic inhibitors.The conversion rates of SO₂ in marine or coastal atmospheres due to this reaction are estimated for various salt concentrations and relative humidities. In favourable circumstances it could be competitive with other mechanisms. A possible effect of this reaction on the deposition rate of SO₂ to the sea is noted.     

PM2.5中重金属形态分布及其在模拟酸雨中的释放

对西安市夏季PM_2.5中6种重金属元素的化学形态进行分析,并研究了模拟酸雨淋溶条件下PM_2.5中6种元素的释放过程。结果表明,近80%的Cr和Fe分布在有机质、氧化物、硫化物结合态和残渣态中,Cd在大气环境中的化学性质很活泼,具有很强的毒害性,Pb、As、和Hg 3种元素主要以碳酸盐态、可氧化态与可还原态存在于环境中;PM_2.5中6种元素均有不同程度的释放,Cd释放率高于其他元素,Fe释放率最低,pH降低有利于颗粒物中重金属元素的释放。     

西安市大气颗粒物PM2.5与降水关系的探讨

对西安市2011年的降水及PM_2.5进行采样,并对其进行了pH及无机水溶性离子测定。结果表明,西安市酸雨的污染类型以硫酸型污染为主,连续性降水对大气颗粒物的去除效果明显,pH随降水量的增加而减小。对采样日降水前和降水后3 h的PM_2.5监测结果表明降水对PM_2.5质量浓度与其中的离子有一定去除作用。西安市的PM_2.5呈酸性,并且与降水的pH有着很好的相关性;另外降水前PM_2.5的质量浓度、SO₄^2-浓度与降水pH呈负相关,NO₃^-与降水pH的相关性不明显。近几年PM_2.5和降水中的SO₄^2-/NO₃^-当量值变化趋势表明西安市大气污染已步入煤烟和机动车尾气混合型污染类型,且机动车污染对大气污染和酸雨的贡献比例有所增加。     

双SBR脱氮除磷工艺的数学模型分析

应用ASM2和Delft代谢模型,结合双SBR(A2-SBR)脱氮除磷系统的特点,建立了数学模拟器,并将其运用于双SBR脱氮除磷系统运行特性的动力学分析.主要探讨了不同泥龄、碳氮比、碳磷比对系统的影响,并从模型的角度进行了分析.结果表明,利用ASM2和Delft代谢模型结合所建立的数学模拟器可以对双SBR(A2-SBR)脱氮除磷系统进行模拟.双SBR中具有脱氮除磷功能的A2-SBR的运行参数是关键因素,最佳污泥龄为9～12d时,碳氮比为3.75左右,碳磷比大于15条件下,双SBR运行正常,能得到较好的处理效果.当系统在泥龄大于12d条件下运行时,由于PAO储存了大量的聚合态磷(XPP/XPAO接近0.5)造成除磷效率降低.同样的原因也导致了碳磷比值低于15时,PAO的聚磷反应变慢或停止.     

基于小波变换的水源水中藻类生长动态研究

对利用小波变换法对天津引滦原水中日检测叶绿素（藻类表征指标）构成的时间序列进行了变换,将原始序列分解为5个低频和较低频的周期性小波系数和3个高频的“噪音”小波系数,发现5个周期性信息变化与季节更替、优势藻种变换及一定条件下藻类生长动态平衡等因素有关;而高频的“噪音”细节信息除检测误差造成外,降雨、风向及取样的深度也会对此产生重要的影响。通过该段时间水源区域内的气温、太阳曝辐照度及降雨数据分析,验证了小波转换系数的意义及分析结果。     

A2/O短程硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化系统构建与脱氮特性

针对现有城市污水处理厂普遍面临进水碳源不足影响脱氮效率的问题,通过调控A²/O系统曝气分区比例、溶解氧(DO)浓度和污泥龄(SRT)构建短程硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化系统,以研究不同工况下该系统的脱氮性能、脱氮途径和微生物种群结构的变化情况.研究结果表明在低C/N进水(C/N=5)情况下,该系统具有稳定优良的脱氮性能.在140 d试验过程中,反应器经历了氨氧化细菌(AOB)、亚硝酸盐氧化细菌(NOB)共培养阶段(阶段Ⅰ)、AOB筛分阶段(阶段Ⅱ～Ⅲ)与厌氧氨氧化细菌(AnAOB)富集阶段(阶段Ⅳ),系统的脱氮途径也由初始的全程硝化反硝化逐步转化为短程硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化脱氮;系统的脱氮效率在阶段Ⅳ达到最佳状态,此时该系统出水NH⁺₄-N和TN的平均浓度分别为1.20 mg·L^-1和7.03mg·L^-1,其对应的去除率分别为97.69%和87.83%;Illumina MiSeq测序结果表明,短程硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化的系统中Nitrosomonas和Nitrosospira这两类AOB的富集...