水化普通硅酸盐水泥吸附水中氟化物的动力学与热力学解析

以水化普通硅酸盐水泥颗粒为除氟吸附剂,对其吸附水中氟化物的动力学和热力学过程进行了解析.结果表明:水化普通硅酸盐水泥对氟化物的吸附平衡时间为192 h,20℃时其吸附容量为14.63 mg/g,4℃时为13.14 mg/g.吸附速率特性与准二级动力学模型拟合性较好且吸附速率由颗粒内部扩散速率控制,吸附行为均满足Langmuir吸附等温式.吸附焓变为16.56 kJ/mol,表明该吸附过程是以化学吸附为主的吸热反应;吸附熵变为正值,说明该吸附过程是熵推动为主的过程;吉布斯自由能在4和20℃时均为负值,说明该吸附反应是一个自发过程.脱附研究与XRD分析结果也证实,该吸附反应以化学吸附过程为主.      

Micro-analysis of nitrogen transport and conversion inside activated sludge flocs using microelectrodes

To investigate the nitrogen transport and conversion inside activated sludge flocs, micro-profiles of O₂, NH₄⁺, NO₂^–, NO₃^–, and pH were measured under different operating conditions. The flocs were obtained from a laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactor. Nitrification, as observed from interfacial ammonium and nitrate fluxes, was higher at pH 8.5, than at pH 6.5 and 7.5. At pH 8.5, heterotrophic bacteria used less oxygen than nitrifying bacteria, whereas at lower pH heterotrophic activity dominated. When the ratio of C to N was decreased from 20 to 10, the ammonium uptake increased. When dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the bulk liquid was decreased from 4 to 2 mg·L^-1, nitrification decreased, and only 25% of the DO influx into the flocs was used for nitrification. This study indicated that nitrifying bacteria became more competitive at a higher DO concentration, a higher pH value (approximately 8.5) and a lower C/N.     

基于季节性因素的安全生产灰色时序分析预测—以陕西省为例

为了探索安全生产和季节性因素的关系,建立X-12-ARIMA模型对2007-2012年安全生产月度数据进行分析,得到了分离季节性影响之后的时间序列、不规则因素、季节性因素和趋势循环因素,在此基础上建立考虑季节性因素的安全生产灰色SARIMA预测模型。研究结果表明,陕西省工矿商贸领域的安全生产受季节性因素的影响,每年的7月和12月是陕西省安全生产受到季节性影响最严重的月份;SARIMA预测结果与实际的陕西省安全生产走势较为吻合,精度较为可靠。研究结果对安全监管和安全生产政策制定有一定的指导意义。     

城市污水处理系统中沙门氏菌对四环素和磺胺甲恶唑的耐药性

耐药性病原菌的出现对人类健康构成潜在威胁. 为揭示耐药性沙门氏菌在城市污水处理系统中的存在和分布特征,从2座城市污水处理厂的不同处理单元中分离得到81株沙门氏菌,采用Kirby-Bauer纸片琼脂扩散法考察它们对四环素和磺胺甲恶唑的耐药性. 利用PCR检测方法,分析耐药基因tetA、tetB、sul1、sul2和sul3在耐药沙门氏菌中的分布情况. 结果表明:分离得到的沙门氏菌对四环素和磺胺甲恶唑的耐药率分别为53.1%和40.7%,其中大部分菌株同时对这2种抗生素具有耐药性;从氯消毒出水中分离到的沙门氏菌对四环素和磺胺甲恶唑的二重耐药率比原污水中的高30.7%;城市污水中耐四环素和耐磺胺甲恶唑沙门氏菌中主要的耐药基因分别为tetA和sul3,经过污水处理系统之后耐药基因的分布发生了显著变化. 研究表明,污水处理厂的原水和排放水中沙门氏菌的耐药性问题已十分突出,可能对人类健康造成较大的风险.      

基于抛锚式教学策略的安全管理双语教学实践研究

在双语教学目标设定的基础上,通过引入抛锚式教学策略以问题为导向的思想进行双语教学体系设计,分解若干教学单元,通过回答“三W”来实现教学目标。以安全管理双语教学为例,运用抛锚式教学策略,具体实施包括教学准备、创设情境、教学过程分析、教学效果评估等主要环节,建立了有效地双语教学系统模型。通过教学实践证明,该教学策略较好的解决了双语教学目标中满足专业知识增强和语言能力提高的双重要求     

Genotoxicity evaluation of surface waters located in urban area of Xi’an City using Vicia faba bioassays

In this study, micronucleus （MCN） and chromosome aberration （CA） tests in Vicia faba root tip cells were carried out in order to assess the water quality and the comprehensive genotoxic potential of surface waters located in the urban area of Xi＇an City, China. For these evaluations, water samples from different surface waters （four rivers, two lakes, two biological treatment plant effluents） were collected, the ultra-pure water and methyl methanesulfonate solution was used as the negative and positive control, respectively. In our results, highly significant differences in MCN perrnillage （average number of micronuclei per 1000 cells）, CA frequencies and PI （pollution index） values were found among three rivers and two WWTP effluents, the tested samples from two rivers caused the decrease of mitotic index over 22% compared with the negative control. No significant changes were observed in micronuclei and chromosome aberrations frequencies at one river and two lakes during the period of test （wet season）. These results point out a poor state of the water quality and genotoxic activity of the main surface waters in Xi＇an City. It is recommended to establish a monitoring program for the presence of genotoxic agents in these surface waters.     

贫营养好氧反硝化菌的分离鉴定及其脱氮特性

为了分离贫营养好氧反硝化菌,研究其系统发育地位和脱氮特性,以期为微污染水库水体生物修复提供依据.从水库底层沉积物中,采用改良的富集驯化方法分离好氧反硝化菌,通过N-J法进行系统发育分析以及选择培养基研究其脱氮特性.初筛分离出196株好氧反硝化菌,其中14株为高效菌株(ZHF2、ZHF3、ZHF5、ZHF6、ZHF8、ZMF2、ZMF5、ZMF6、N299、G107、81Y、SF9、SF18和SXF14).经形态学,生理生化,和16S rRNA基因序列分析,ZHF3、ZHF5、ZHF6、ZMF2、G107、81Y、SF18和SXF14为不动杆菌(Acinetobacter sp.),ZHF2和ZHF8为新鞘脂菌属(Novosphingobium sp.),ZMF5为水杆菌属(Aquabacterium sp.),ZMF6为鞘脂单胞菌属(Sphingomonas sp.),N299为动胶杆菌属(Zoogloea sp.),SF9为代尔夫特菌属(Delftia sp.).其中菌株G107和81Y的反硝化效果最好,72h的硝氮去除率达到98.88% 和99.44%.并以G107和81Y为代表进行一系列的脱氮实验,结果显示出良好的短程反硝化、硝化和源水脱氮能力.贫营养好氧反硝化菌的分离,补充和丰富了好氧反硝化菌的种类,其高效的脱氮特性为低氮微污染水体的生物修复提供了技术支撑.     

浑河底泥反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化菌群落结构时空特征

为了解在反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化反应过程中起主要作用的微生物——Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera(M. oxyfera)在河流底泥环境中的时空变化特征,利用克隆文库及实时荧光定量PCR技术考察了浑河流域部分底泥中M. oxyfera-like的16S rRNA和pmoA功能基因的多样性及丰度. 结果表明:从浑河上游至下游丰水期各采样点底泥中M. oxyfera-like的16S rRNA的多样性无明显地域性差异,其OTU(operational taxonomic unit,独立操作单元)数变幅不大;pmoA功能基因的多样性则存在较为明显的地域性差异,上游采样点A(章党大桥)底泥中OTU数为5,下游采样点E(三岔河大桥)底泥中仅为1. 采样点A底泥中M. oxyfera-like的16S rRNA和pmoA功能基因的多样性均存在一定的季节性差异,平水期16S rRNA和pmoA功能基因的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分别为1.48和2.19,在各期中最高;而枯水期时二者均最低,分别为0.83和1.26. 丰度分析结果显示,所有采样点底泥中M. oxyfera-like的16S rRNA丰度均表现为平水期(2.42×106~1.74×107 copies/g)(以干质量计)最高、枯水期(2.87×104~4.19×106 copies/g)居中、丰水期(1.29×103~2.04×104 copies/g)最低,说明浑河底泥中M. oxyfera-like的丰度亦存在一定的季节性差异.      

Safety hierarchy

Outside of the judicial oath, the most popular litany heard in a product liability trial is “the safety hierarchy.” It is associated with a number of misconceptions which are explored in this paper. First, there is no such thing as the safety hierarchy; there are many hierarchies. Secondly, “it” is not a scientific law but rather a useful rule of thumb whose genesis is consensus. Finally, its complete form is broader than that reported in any single reference.     

基于模拟疏散的连体型宿舍楼预先分区引导疏散策略研究

为研究人员密集的连体型宿舍楼安全疏散问题,通过调查提出预先引导疏散的人员接受度原则,制定3种预先引导疏散策略,采用Pathfinder软件模拟某高校连体型宿舍楼的安全疏散情况,得出不采取预先引导疏散策略和采取不同预先引导疏散策略时,模拟疏散结果存在的差异。结果表明:人员可接受的预先引导疏散路径为最近距离路径或无视线阻碍的第2近距离路径;在不进行预先引导疏散时,疏散过程中各楼梯和出口的利用率差异较大;在进行预先引导疏散时,得出采用按楼梯宽度比例分区划分人数策略可有效提高建筑物的疏散效率。