膜生物反应器污泥内源消化及SMP变化

膜生物反应器（MBR）中高污泥浓度和低F/M会导致部分微生物长期处于贫营养状态下,因此采用污泥内源消化试验模拟MBR中实际存在的贫营养现象。比较了好氧消化（AD）和好氧/缺氧消化（A/A/D）2种模式对于A²O+MBR工艺剩余污泥的内源消化效果及SMP的变化。研究结果表明,常温条件下A/A/D 20 d MLVSS的去除率可达到50%,AD为42%,缺氧段的引入促进了有机物和营养物质等的释放和去除,SMP浓度均呈现出显著降低而后缓慢增长并趋于稳定的趋势。EEM光谱分析表明,SMP中不同的荧光物质在内源消化过程中呈现出不同的变化规律。GPC分析认为,内源消化过程中SMP的分子量范围逐渐扩大,小分子量有机物呈增长趋势,A/A/D对SMP的降解比AD更为有效。     

城市污水处理环境效益量化分析

运用生命周期评价（LCA）方法对西安市北石桥污水净化中心污水处理工艺从其原材料开采和加工开始直到污水厂施工建设、处理运行以及废弃拆除的生命周期全过程资源消耗、能耗和环境影响进行了识别和量化分析,同时结合一维水质稀释模型,提出污水处理环境效益估算模型。采用最大污染权重因子对模型进行计算,结果表明,采用深度处理比常规二级处理多产生1 708.52×10⁹kJ的环境正效益。     

基于图论的生产安全事故风险预警指标筛选及分析

为提高事故风险预警准确性,降低事故发生频率,通过对现有生产安全事故案例进行因果连锁理论分析,构建事故成因结构图,采用图论中节点属性分析法,筛选事故风险预警指标,并利用最短路径介数和紧密度改进复杂网络概念,从局部与整体角度探讨事故风险预警指标敏感性.结果表明:人与物类风险预警指标敏感性较高且相近,环境类风险预警指标敏感性...     

Investigation on emission factors of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants from crop residue burning

Emission factors of particulate matter (PM), element carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), SO_2, NO_x, CO, CO_2, and ten ions (Na~ , NH_4~ , K~ , Mg~(2 ), Ca~(2 ), F~-, Cl~-, NO_2~-, NO_3~-, SO_4~(2-)) were estimated from the domestic burning of four types of commonly produced crop residues in rural China: rice straw, wheat straw, corn stover, and cotton stalk, which were collected from the representative regions across China. A combustion tower was designed to simulate the cooking conditions under which the peasants burned their crop residues in rural China, to measure the emission factors. Results showed that wheat straw had the highest emission factor for the total PM (8.75 g/kg) among the four crop residues, whereas, corn stover and wheat straw have the highest emission factor for EC (0.95 g/kg) and OC (3.46 g/kg), respectively. Corn stover also presents as having the highest emission factors of NO, NO_x, and CO_2, whereas, wheat straw, rice straw, and cotton stalk had the highest emission factors of NO_2, SO_2, and CO, respectively. The water-soluble ions, K~ and Cl~-, had the highest emission factors from all the crops. Wheat straw had a relatively higher emission factor of cation species and F~-, Cl~-, NO_2~- than other residues.     

Optimization of dilution ventilation layout design in confined environments using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

Dilution ventilation systems have been widely used to control the airborne toxic and explosive material in confined spaces. Layout design of dilution ventilation is critical to industrial hygiene control and ventilation efficiency. A properly designed dilution ventilation system can significantly improve the safety of confined workshops and maintain a comfortable work condition. In this work, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been used to analyze the performance of dilution ventilation system in the confined workshop environment. Seven different ventilation layouts are proposed to evaluate ventilation performance of different installation layouts. Carbon monoxide (CO), which has the similar density as air, is selected as the sample contaminant to conduct steady-state CFD simulations. The simulation results of different layouts are examined and compared to get the optimal layout design for the best contaminant control. Results have shown that the layout with two opposite inlets has the highest ventilation efficiency among seven proposed layouts. This work can serve as a reference to increase dilution ventilation efficiency and minimize the energy cost in general confined areas.     

最优加权组合模型在管道腐蚀预测中的应用

为构造海底混输管道腐蚀最优加权组合预测模型，针对传统非等间距GM(1,1)管道腐蚀预测模型中初始条件的选取问题，提出了新信息优先原理下的NEGM(1,1,τ)海底管道腐蚀速率预测模型，以充分发挥建模序列中各分量对预测系统的修正作用；引入ARIMA预测模型，在3个不同定权准则下与NEGM(1,1,τ)模型形成管道腐蚀加权组合预测模型，并通过评价指标函数实现组合模型的性能评价。研究结果表明:组合模型2的海底混输管道腐蚀速率预测值与实际值的平均相对误差为0.495 4%，评价指标函数RMSE,AARD和MAPE的值分别为0.1936%,0.1275%和0.595 3%，均优于其他2个准则下的组合模型。建立NEGM(1,1,τ)-ARIMA海底管道腐蚀速率最优加权组合预测模型，从多角度挖掘了管道腐蚀速率序列中的可靠信息，预测结果的可信度更高。     

微波解吸-催化燃烧净化甲苯研究

以甲苯为目标污染物,采用活性炭做吸附剂对含甲苯废气进行吸附;吸附完成后利用微波辐照进行解吸;另外采用浸渍法制备Cu-Mn复合氧化物催化剂并对微波解吸后的废气进行催化燃烧处理从而达到对污染物进行彻底净化的目的.实验中甲苯的浓度由气相色谱(GC)测定.结果表明,采用微波解吸后,在以氮气为载气的解吸气体中加入空气来提供氧气从而实现催化燃烧是可行的,解吸气与空气配比为1∶1(体积比)时效果最好,此时对应的催化空速为2.67 s-1.解吸温度会影响解吸气体中的甲苯浓度进而影响催化燃烧效率,实验结果表明400℃解吸比较理想.当催化燃烧温度保持在300℃时,系统对甲苯的最终净化效率可以维持在90%以上,其中大部分时间是在95%以上.     

基于光学在线监测及形态学研究的絮凝体强度分析方法

以PDA在线监测混凝过程和絮凝体形态学分析为基础,建立了絮凝体强度的分析评价方法.为了计算某一特定絮凝条件下形成絮凝体的黏结力,进行混凝实验并运用图像解析法及粒子图像测速技术研究絮凝体形态学特征.实验过程中将水样引入与光散射颗粒分析仪(PDA2000)相连的透明橡胶管内,并通过准确控制橡胶管内的水流速度梯度来改变作用于絮凝体上的剪切力,这样就可以在线监测絮体的破碎情况,然后根据PDA输出的FI曲线来确定絮凝体的临界破碎条件.根据临界破碎条件下剪切力、破碎力和黏结力的等量关系,确定黏结力系数k1,进而计算出可以表征絮凝体强度的黏结力B.该方法的有效性已经被大量以硫酸铝为混凝剂的腐殖酸混凝实验所证实.     

水力旋流条件对好氧颗粒污泥稳定性影响

对带有旋流装置的新型序批式反应器(R1)和其对比反应器(R2、R3)的好氧颗粒污泥的形态、粒径、比耗氧速率及动力学参数进行了对比分析.结果表明,在一定范围内提高剪切力能加快颗粒污泥的形成速率和粒径增长速率,但无法有效控制粒径范围.与R2有相同气体表面上升流速的R1,由于其旋流器提供的特殊旋流剪切力和摩擦力能延缓其污泥颗粒化进程,从而有效控制了颗粒粒径的增长;R1、R2、R3的SOUR分别0.80、0.48和0.32 mg·h-1·mg-1,表明新型反应器R1培养的好氧颗粒污泥活性较高;通过对动力学参数分析,R1中的维持系数m和非生长基质消耗比例Smin/CODinfluent分别为0.13 h-1和9％,均大于R2(0.077 h-1,9％)和R3 (0.084 h-1,1％),表明水力旋流条件不仅可以有效控制颗粒的粒径而且提高了颗粒污泥系统的稳定性.     

腐殖酸絮凝体形成过程中初期搅拌条件对其形态结构的影响

以腐殖酸为研究对象,采用硫酸铝为混凝剂进行混凝杯罐实验,借助PDA在线监测系统、图像解析法及粒子图像测速技术分析评价絮凝体的构造特征,着重探讨了混凝过程中初期快速搅拌条件对絮凝体形态结构的影响.结果表明,快速搅拌条件对腐殖酸絮凝体的形成过程及形态结构有着显著影响.最佳快速搅拌条件为:搅拌历时l min,搅拌强度300 r·min-,此时形成的絮凝体结构密实,抗剪切能力强,整体性能最优,絮凝体分形维数、强度及平均粒径分别为1.8842、0.164 N·m-2、0.43 mm.腐殖酸絮凝体的形成包括不溶性微粒的产生及初期颗粒的形成与结合等过程,其中,不溶性微粒的形成及初期颗粒的致密化过程是决定最终絮凝体形态构造的重要环节,而快速搅拌条件影响着混凝剂扩散混合效果和初期颗粒的形成速率与致密化程度,这也是初期快速搅拌条件对于腐殖酸混凝过程有显著影响的一个重要因素.