西安市冬季重污染天PM2.5高分辨率及其中碳气溶胶污染特征分析

为了研究西安市冬季重污染天PM2.5及其中碳气溶胶的变化特征,在2013年1月1日至2013年2月28日大气污染严重的天气进行24 h连续的PM2.5样品采集,再通过Model-4型全自动半连续式在线光/热法大气气溶胶OC/EC分析仪分析得出OC、EC的连续质量浓度值。结果表明,西安市PM2.5质量浓度冬季重污染天日循环变化规律明显,均大致呈现双峰模式,白天和夜间各有一个高峰。2月份的每个PM2.5质量浓度值高峰和低峰的出现均比1月份晚2-3 h,夜晚的高峰值比1月份低,PM2.5质量浓度比1月份上升得慢,下降得快。气象条件能对PM2.5质量浓度产生较强的影响。2月份PM2.5质量浓度值整体比1月份低,但在2月10日出现突越（499μg·m-3）,这与春节假期人为活动变化有关。OC/PM2.5、EC/PM2.5、TCA/PM2.5日变化幅度都较小,这说明OC、EC、TCA的来源比较一致;OC/EC值的平均值为6.63,表明西安冬季重污染期PM2.5中的一次来源主要为燃煤排放。PM2.5、OC、EC、TCA和OC/EC的值较2010年都有明显的上升,但OC/PM2.5、EC/PM2.5、TCA/PM2.5的值却是下降的,这说明近年来PM2.5及碳气溶胶的控制措施效果不明显,碳气溶胶二次来源增加,PM2.5的排放来源变得更加复杂。OC和TCA日循环变化呈现出明显的双峰特征;EC的变化趋势不明显。一天中OC/EC值多数时候处于较高水平,且受早晚车流量高峰的影响不明显,说明西安冬季重污染期间碳气溶胶受光化学反应转化的二次来源影响比较大。OC、EC的线性相关性比较好,且白天相对夜晚好,说明西安市冬季夜间燃煤采暖增加了碳气溶胶来源的复杂性。     

间歇喷淋营养液对生物滴滤塔净化甲苯的影响

为探索间歇喷淋营养液对生物滴滤塔的影响,以净化甲苯为研究对象,应用FX1N-14MR-001型可编程逻辑控制器(PLC),实现生物滴滤塔的间歇喷淋营养液操作,研究了环境温度、ρ(TN)、营养液喷淋密度和喷/停时间对净化甲苯能力的影响,并对机理进行了分析. 结果表明:当生物滴滤塔系统的气体停留时间为40.70s时,营养液最佳喷淋密度为4.5L/(m2·min),最佳喷/停时间为2min/4min. 当甲苯系统进口负荷小于88.29g/(m3·h)时,甲苯的去除率可达95.0%以上;当进口负荷为186.04g/(m3·h)时,甲苯的去除率为87.6%,系统对甲苯的最大去除能力由连续喷淋时的169.63g/(m3·h)升至248.85g/(m3·h).      

白塔堡河上覆水与沉积物间隙水N、P分布特征

为研究河流沉积物与间隙水间营养盐的迁移规律,采集白塔堡河干流平水期上覆水和沉积物间隙水样品,分析N、P分布特征,计算沉积物-水界面N、P扩散通量,并对上覆水与间隙水中营养盐含量进行回归分析. 结果表明:上覆水和间隙水中ρ(TN)、ρ(NH₃-N)和ρ(TP)均为农村带河段最低,城镇带和城市带河段较高. N、P的主要来源,农村带河段为农村灰水和面源污染,城镇带河段为生活污水和工业园排水,城市带河段为城市生活污水和工业废水. 间隙水中各营养盐质量浓度基本上都高于上覆水,空间分布趋势相似. NH₃-N、NO₂--N、NO₃--N和PO₄3--P在沉积物-水界面的平均扩散通量分别为0.429、0.134、0.080和0.143μmol/(m2·d),表明沉积物是上覆水重要的N、P源. 表层沉积物间隙水与上覆水中的ρ(NH₃-N)(R2=0.874,P=0.0002)和ρ(PO₄3--P)(R2=0.704,P=0.0005)均呈极显著相关,ρ(NO₂--N)呈显著相关(R2=0.501,P=0.0020),ρ(NO₃--N)的相关性(R2=0.353,P=0.0150)不显著,说明白塔堡河沉积物间隙水中的N主要以NH₃-N形态向上覆水中扩散;而间隙水中的P主要以PO₄3--P形态向上覆水中扩散.      

基于杜邦STOP系统及行为安全理论的非煤矿山不安全行为研究

非煤矿山是典型的高危行业。为了规范作业人员的不安全行为,预防和减少生产事故,基于杜邦STOP系统及行为安全理论,通过行为观察、行为聚类,构建了非煤矿山不安全行为管理模型。对某大型非煤地下矿山的14类工种作业为期70天跟踪观察,收集统计生产作业中的不安全行为,通过分类整理,形成不同类别的不安全行为比例变化趋势图。结果表明:动力设备类、防护坠落类和其它类的不安全行为有明显的降低趋势;生产工艺类、常识危险类和供电系统类的不安全行为改善不明显。实例表明,基于杜邦STOP系统及行为安全理论的非煤矿山不安全行为研究具有实效性。     

运动及不同浓度PM2.5滴注对大鼠糖代谢部分酶活性的影响

为了探讨一次性递增负荷运动及不同浓度细颗粒物(PM2.5)暴露对大鼠己糖激酶(hexokinase,HK)-丙酮酸激酶(pyruvatekinase,PK)及异柠檬酸脱氢酶(isocitratedehydrogenase,IDH)活性影响的机制,将30只雄性Wistar SPF(Specific Pathogen Free,SPF)大鼠随机分为安静(QC)、运动对照组(EC)、低剂量PM2.5+运动组(LPE)、中剂量PM2.5+运动组(MPE)、高剂量PM2.5+运动组(HPE),采用一次性气管滴注染毒后进行递增负荷跑台训练,并通过酶联免疫法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)测定大鼠血清及肝脏组织HK,PK,IDH活性。结果表明,与安静组相比,运动对照组HK,PK酶活性下降,IDH活性升高,差异有统计学意义(p0.01)。和EC组相比,LPE,MPE,HPE组各组织中HK,PK,IDH活性均下降,差异有统计学意义(p0.05或p0.01)。实验表明,运动可以降低大鼠的HK,PK活性而增强IDH活性;随着浓度的增加,HK,PK,IDH活性与PM2.5暴露剂量具有相关性降低。     

低温贫营养好氧反硝化细菌SY13的反硝化特性

从底泥中分离出1株低温贫营养好氧反硝化细菌SY13,经常规生理生化鉴定和16SrDNA测序,鉴定出细菌SY13属于Acinetobactersp．。考察了温度、pH、C／N比及接种量对菌株SY13硝酸盐还原活性的影响,初始硝酸盐浓度为15mg／L左右,温度为15℃时低温贫营养好氧反硝化细菌SY13的硝酸盐去除率为49．26％,在中性环境适应性较强,pH值为7．0时72h的硝氮去除率达到58．08％,随着C／N比不断增加,菌株SY13硝酸盐的去除效果逐渐增强,接种量为10％时,菌株SY13培养72h后的硝氮去除率可达到59．62％。     

Analysis of Sydney’s recycled water schemes

Recycled water provides a viable opportunity to partially supplement fresh water supplies as well as substantially alleviate environmental loads. Currently, thousands of recycled water schemes have been successfully conducted in a number of countries and Sydney is one of the leading cities, which has made massive effort to apply water reclamation, recycling and reuse. This study aims to make a comprehensive analysis of recycled water schemes in Sydney for a wide range of end uses such as landscape irrigation, industrial process uses and residential uses (e.g., golf course irrigation, industrial cooling water reuse, toilet flushing and clothes washing etc.). For each representative recycled water scheme, this study investigates the involved wastewater treatment technologies, the effluent quality compared with specified guideline values and public attitudes toward different end uses. Based on these obtained data, multi criteria analysis (MCA) in terms of risk, cost-benefit, environmental and social aspects can be performed. Consequently, from the analytical results, the good prospects of further expansion and exploration of current and new end uses were identified toward the integrated water planning and management. The analyses could also help decision makers in making a sound judgment for future recycled water projects.     

Occurrence and removal of selected polycyclic musks in two sewage treatment plants in Xi’an, China

Polycyclic musks are widely used for cosmetics and other personal care and household cleaning products. The occurrence and removal of two representative polycyclic musks, galaxolide (HHCB) and tonalide (AHTN) were investigated in three different processes of two sewage treatment plants (STPs) in Xi’an, China. The samples were preconcentrated by solid phase extraction procedure and analyzed using a gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) by a modified procedure. The HHCB was in the range of 82.8 to 182.5 ng·L^-1 in the influents and 22.6 to 103.9 ng·L^-1 in the effluents. The AHTN ranged from 11.0 to 19.3 ng·L^-1 in the influents and 2.2 to 8.8 ng·L^-1 in the effluents. The removal efficiency of the two musks varied in the ranges of 43.1%–70.4% for HHCB and 54.2%–84.4% for AHTN. Concentrations of the two musks in aqueous phase of three processes slightly increased along the primary process, and significantly removed during the biologic treatment processes, revealing that the selected musks could be remarkably removed in varied activated sludge processes. Advanced processes of activated sludge did not show a significant superiority on selected musk removal compared to the conventional process. The selected musk removal mainly resulted from the adsorption function of activated sludge. There was no significant change of HHCB/AHTN ratios along the treatment flow, indicating that each sewage treatment structure had a similar removal efficiency for the two musks.     

Seasonal variations in leaf capturing of particulate matter, surface wettability and micromorphology in urban tree species

The seasonal changes in leaf particulate matter (PM) accumulation, surface wettability and micromorphology in urban tree species, including Sophora japonica (S. japonica), Platanus acerifolia (P. acerifolia) and Cedrus deodara (C. deodara), were studied during a single growing season. The three species showed distinct seasonal trends in PM accumulation, increasing from spring to autumn (or winter) even during the rainy season, but at different rates. During the study, the leaf PM retention amount of P. acerifolia, a species with ridged leaf surfaces, was significantly higher than that of S. japonica and C. deodara, species with waxy leaf surfaces. The contact angles of water droplets on leaves decreased with leaf age except on the abaxial surface of S. japonica, which remained non-wettable or highly non-wettable throughout the growing season; the decrease in the contact angle on adaxial surface of S. japonica was greater when compared with P. acerifolia and C. deodara. A significant and negative relationship existed between leaf PM retention amounts and contact angles on adaxial surface of leaves of all three species. The increase in wettability, probably caused when epicuticular wax was destroyed by mechanical and chemical abrasion, seemed to be the main factor leading to seasonal variations in leaf PM accumulation.     

具有端部约束的碳纤维布加固混凝土梁的高温弯矩分析

目前国内外对混凝土结构的抗火性能评估几乎都是针对独立构件开展的,很少考虑相邻构件之间的相互约束作用。实际火灾调查与明火试验表明,结构中构件的火灾行为与独立构件有着较明显的差别。本文开展了具有端部约束的碳纤维布加固混凝土梁的高温反应分析,揭示了轴向/转动约束刚度比、梁截面尺寸、跨度、荷载比、加固量、配筋率、保护层厚度和防火涂料厚度等参数对ISO834标准升温作用下约束加固梁的梁端弯矩的影响规律。在此基础上,给出了高温下约束加固梁的梁端弯矩实用计算方法。研究表明:①随着升温时间的增加,约束加固梁的梁端弯矩总体呈现先逐渐增大而后渐趋平缓的趋势;②防火保护(即使防火涂料厚度只有10mm)对高温下约束加固梁的梁端弯矩影响显著。