Elemental composition of aerosol in the Nam Co region,Tibetan Plateau,during summer monsoon season

In order to investigate the chemical characteristics of atmospheric aerosols in a remote region of the Tibetan Plateau, total suspended particles were collected continuously at the Nam Co Comprehensive Observation and Research Station from July to October 2005. The PIXE analytical results showed that Si, Ca, Fe, Al, K, and S were the major components of aerosols, ranging from 82 (K)–550 (Si) ng m⁻³. The mean elemental concentrations were comparable with those from other remote sites and significantly lower than those from megacities (e.g. Beijing). The very low presence of anthropogenic elements demonstrates that the Nam Co region is an ideal background site for atmospheric monitoring. Crustal enrichment factor (EF) calculation indicated that several anthropogenic heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As) are transported long distances atmospherically. The backward air mass trajectory analysis suggests that South Asia may be the source region of those pollutants.     

Feasibility of a simple laboratory approach for determining temperature influence on SPMD–air partition coefficients of selected compounds

Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) are a widely used passive sampling methodology for both waterborne and airborne hydrophobic organic contaminants. The exchange kinetics and partition coefficients of an analyte in a SPMD are mediated by its physicochemical properties and certain environmental conditions. Controlled laboratory experiments are used for determining the SPMD–air (K_sa's) partition coefficients and the exchange kinetics of organic vapors. This study focused on determining a simple approach for measuring equilibrium K_sa's for naphthalene (Naph), o-chlorophenol (o-CPh) and p-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB) over a wide range of temperatures. SPMDs were exposed to test chemical vapors in small, gas-tight chambers at four different temperatures (−16, −4, 22 and 40 °C). The exposure times ranged from 6 h to 28 d depending on test temperature. K_sa's or non-equilibrium concentrations in SPMDs were determined for all compounds, temperatures and exposure periods with the exception of Naph, which could not be quantified in SPMDs until 4 weeks at the −16 °C temperature. To perform this study the assumption of constant and saturated atmospheric concentrations in test chambers was made. It could influence the results, which suggest that flow through experimental system and performance reference compounds should be used for SPMD calibration.     

Pollution prevention through performance-based initiatives and regulation in the United States

This paper documents over 20 years of progress in the United States to advance environmental protection through pollution prevention and other performance-based initiatives and regulations. This paper highlights a number of different approaches and strategies used at the state and federal government levels while outlining emerging barriers to the overall effectiveness of the existing US environmental protection system. As a result, the authors provide specific recommendations to accelerate the use and evolution of performance-based initiatives and regulations to achieve the goal of sustainable consumption and production systems.     

Economy-wide material input/output and dematerialization analysis of Jilin Province (China)

In this paper, both direct material input (DMI) and domestic processed output (DPO) of Jilin Province in 1990–2006 were calculated and then based on these two indexes, a dematerialization model was established. The main results are summarized as follows: (1) both direct material input and domestic processed output increase at a steady rate during 1990–2006, with average annual growth rates of 4.19% and 2.77%, respectively. (2) The average contribution rate of material input to economic growth is 44%, indicating that the economic growth is visibly extensive. (3) During the studied period, accumulative quantity of material input dematerialization is 11,543 × 10⁴ t and quantity of waste dematerialization is 5,987 ×10⁴ t. Moreover, dematerialization gaps are positive, suggesting that the potential of dematerialization has been well fulfilled. (4) In most years of the analyzed period, especially 2003–2006, the economic system of Jilin Province represents an unsustainable state. The accelerated economic growth relies mostly on excessive resources consumption after the Revitalization Strategy of Northeast China was launched.     

The effect of water on gas–particle partitioning of secondary organic aerosol. Part I: α-pinene/ozone system

The effect of relative humidity (RH) on aerosol formation by the semi-volatile oxidation products of the α-pinene/O₃ system has been comprehensively studied. Experiments were performed in the presence of ammonium sulfate (aqueous, dry), ammonium bisulfate seed (aqueous, dry), and aqueous calcium chloride seed aerosols to ascertain their effect on the partitioning of the oxidation products. The yield of organic aerosol varies little with RH, and is not affected by the presence of dry inorganic salt aerosols. Aqueous salt aerosols reduce the yield of organic aerosol compared to that under seed-free or dry seed conditions. The degree of reduction is electrolyte dependent, with aqueous ammonium sulfate leading to the largest reduction and aqueous calcium chloride the smallest. Hygroscopic growth of the organic aerosol from <2% to 85% RH was also monitored, and could be satisfactorily represented as the sum of the individual contributions of the organic and inorganic fractions. The implications of the growth factor measurements for concentration/activity relationships of the condensed phase organic material (assuming a liquid solution) was explored. The formation of the organic aerosol was investigated using a simple two component model, and also one including the 12 product compounds identified in a previous study. The experimental results for <2% and 50% RH (without salt seed aerosols) could be satisfactorily predicted. However, the aqueous salt seed aerosols are predicted to increase the overall yield due to the dissolution of the organic compounds into the water associated with the seed aerosol—the opposite effect to that observed. The implications of two distinct phases existing the aerosol phase were investigated.     

基于Logistic模型的中国各省碳排放预测

在“碳排放量与能源消费成正比”假设的基础上,对中国30个省区2011～2020年碳排放进行了预测。首先对中国30个省区1987～2010年的历史累计排放量和人均累计排放量进行计算,依据历史累计排放量和人均累计排放量两个指标,运用K-均值聚类分析法将中国各省区碳排放分成了5类。分别绘出5类区域中各省的历年碳排放量曲线,并进行数据分析,发现：以2002年为界线,2002年前后两个时段中国各省区碳排放变化差异很大。这一现象说明2002年以前的各省碳排放趋势并不能表征未来年份各省的碳排放。在此结论的基础上,构建了碳排放量增长的Logistic预测模型,并以2002～2010年碳排放数据为样本数据,对2011～2020年中国各省区碳排放进行了预测。为了验证预测模型的精确性,利用Logistic预测模型对中国30个省区2002～2010年的碳排放进行了预测,并将预测值与实际排放值进行比较发现,除了宁夏自治区的误差达1458%外,其他地区的误差均在7%以下。除宁夏外的中国各省区预测误差的平均值为622%,由此验证了Logistic预测模型的精确性。同时,也说明对中国30个省区2011～2020年碳排放的预测值具有较高的可信性。本研究为中国各省未来碳排放政策的制定提供了方法与数据支持     

进一步深化建设项目施工期环境监理重点工作的思考

建设项目环境监理试点工作中,施工现场的重点工作决定了建设项目环境监理的工作质量,也提出了工程施工期环境管理的新要求。从工程实际中研究工程施工期环境影响特点及环境保护目标,深化工程施工期污染防治和环境管理要点,是建设项目施工现场环境监理的新内容。     

Bacterial abundance and community structure in response to nutrients and photodegraded terrestrial humic acids in a eutrophic lake

The exposure of humic substances to solar radiation can alter their concentration and composition and subsequently influences their bioavailability in aquatic food webs. With eutrophication increasingly prominent in lakes, nutrients, such as inorganic N and P, are a prerequisite for heterotrophic bacteria that use organic matter. Here photodegradation of terrestrial humic acids and nutrient addition were performed to investigate the response of bacterial abundance and community structure to photodegraded humic acids and increased nutrient concentrations in a eutrophic lake. Results showed that the decreasing level of absorption coefficient at 460 nm in the treatment irradiated with 40 W UV lamps was more remarkable than that of the treatment irradiated with 20 W UV lamps and the control. This reduced coefficient corresponds to the greatest decrease in humic acid concentration in the 40 W group. Bacteria showed high abundance after incubation with humic acids which underwent strong irradiation intensity. An increased nutrient concentration significantly affected bacterial abundance. The dominant bacteria were Aquabacterium for the irradiated group, Aquabacterium and Limnobacter for the 20 W group and Flavobacterium and Limnobacter for the 40 W group. Armatimonadetes-gp4 and Sediminibacterium showed evident response to high nutrient concentration. Our results showed that the exposure of terrestrial humic acids to UV light and the increasing concentration of nutrients have obviously changed bacterial community.

     

Use of principal component scores in multiple linear regression models for prediction of Chlorophyll-a in reservoirs

Chlorophyll-a is a well-accepted index for phytoplankton abundance and population of primary producers in an aquatic environment. The relationships between Chlorophyll-a and 16 chemical, physical and biological water quality variables in Çamlıdere reservoir (Ankara, Turkey) were studied by using principal component scores (PCS) in multiple linear regression analysis (MLR) to predict Chlorophyll-a levels. Principal component analysis was used to simplify the complexity of relations between water quality variables. Score values obtained by PC scores were used as independent variables in the multiple linear regression models. Two approaches were used in the present statistical analysis. In the first approach, only five selected score values obtained by PC analysis were used for the prediction of Chlorophyll-a levels and predictive success (R²) of the model found as 56.3%. In the second approach, where all score values obtained from the PC analysis were used as independent variables, predictive power was turned out to be 90.8%. Both approaches could be used to predict Chlorophyll-a levels in reservoirs successfully.     

铅锌冶炼厂不同工艺铅元素粒径分布特征

使用安德森撞击式粒径分级采样器,分别对陕西某铅锌冶炼厂熔炼备料、鼓风熔炼炉和铸铅工艺无组织颗粒物进行分级采样,并分析不同工艺各粒径段颗粒物中的铅元素含量及粒径分布特征.结果表明,不同工艺颗粒物的排放量有所不同,其中鼓风炉熔炼工艺颗粒物排放量最大,为402.83 mg·h-1,熔炼备料和铸铅工艺分别为182.71 mg·h-1和100.03 mg·h-1;各工艺段颗粒物中的铅元素含量也不相同,其中熔炼备料工艺颗粒物中铅元素质量分数为111.54 mg·kg-1,鼓风炉熔炼68.54mg·kg-1、铸铅工艺10.5 mg·kg-1;从粒径分布来看,熔炼备料和鼓风炉熔炼铅元素主要集中在粗粒径范围,而铸铅工艺在粗、细粒径段中比重相当,其中熔炼备料粗粒径铅元素占总量的质量分数为43.42%,鼓风炉熔炼占到了47.48%,铸铅工艺粗、细粒径中铅元素分别占37.14%、45.72%;熔炼备料和铸铅工艺在粗粒径和细粒径范围内均有峰值出现,而鼓风炉熔炼铅元素峰值主要出现在粗粒径段;各工艺铅元素累积频率分布曲线均符合对数正态分布.