冰雪和降水中黑碳的分布特征与来源研究进展

黑碳（black carbon,BC）影响着全球辐射平衡、大气环境和人体健康,而降水是大气中黑碳的主要去除方式.简述了降水中黑碳的分析方法,重点论述了国内外降水中黑碳的分布特征和对黑碳的去除效率,以及模型和碳同位素示踪技术在识别黑碳来源的应用.结果表明:①单颗粒黑碳光度计因其检测限低、分析速度较快等优点在分析液相介质黑碳中应用较多.②降水中黑碳含量在空间上呈现较大差异,中国降水中黑碳含量较两极地区高2~3个数量级,越靠近两极地区,降水中黑碳含量越低,且工业革命后冰芯中黑碳含量有所增加.由于不同地区工业类型和化石燃料燃烧效率的差异,中国降水中黑碳含量大于东亚其他地区及欧洲地区.长时间（>8 h）降水对黑碳的去除效果较好.③混合单粒子拉格朗日积分轨迹模型、正定矩阵因子分解模型和碳同位素示踪技术相结合能更好地分析降水中黑碳的来源.研究显示,我国降水中黑碳含量较高、污染较重,但对城市降水中黑碳污染的关注还不足,未来应加强对不同地区城市降水中黑碳的观测,充分利用分析模型和碳同位素示踪技术解析降水中黑碳的来源.      

尾矿库溃坝及尾矿泄漏事故树安全评价与预防

对尾矿库的危害、安全评价方法以及预防措施进行了系统研究。采用事故树分析方法对某尾矿库进行安全评价,结果表明:引起尾矿库溃坝及尾矿泄漏的途径及原因均是多方面的,二者的途径分别为17种和12种,应在实际生产过程中密切关注这些途径,努力排查,加强预控;针对尾矿库可能出现的不同情况制定出科学合理的应对措施,加强事前预控,可减少尾矿库溃坝及尾矿泄漏事故。     

陕西省某工业园区春季大气降尘重金属污染特征及评价

为研究陕西省某工业园区春季大气降尘中重金属元素污染特征,于2013年3月21日-6月7日使用降尘缸被动采样方法收集大气降尘样品,并利用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定样品中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Ni、Cr等重金属元素的质量分数,运用ArcGIS 9.3研究其空间分布特征,并使用I_geo（地累积指数）法评价大气降尘重金属污染水平.结果表明:研究区大气降尘中w（Cu）、w（Pb）、w（Zn）、w（Cd）、w（Ni）、w（Cr）的平均值分别为131.1、2 630.5、4 449.3、65.5、21.7、79.5 mg/kg,分别为陕西省表层土壤元素背景值的6.1、122.9、64.1、696.8、0.8、1.3倍.工业园区重金属元素质量分数高值区集中分布在西北-东南一带,Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd等重金属质量分数高值区位于园区中部,临近冶炼厂,Ni、Cr等质量分数高值区位于火电厂附近;重金属元素（Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Ni和Cr）质量分数水平方向高值区分布在以冶炼厂为中心0~2 km范围内,并随与冶炼厂距离的增加而逐渐降低.重金属元素相关分析表明,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd四种元素之间及Ni与Cr之间存在极显著相关关系.聚类分析结果显示,Pb-Zn-Cu-Cd为一类,Ni-Cr为一类;结合空间分布变化特征,初步判断工业园区Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd重金属污染主要受金属冶炼和交通运输影响,影响Ni和Cr主要因素为燃煤.I_geo评价结果表明,工业园区春季大气降尘中Cd达极强污染,Pb、Zn达强-极强污染,Cu为中度污染,Cr、Ni基本无污染.      

中国城市O3浓度时空变化特征及驱动因素

基于2015～2017年O_3浓度监测数据,采用克里金插值、空间自相关分析、热点分析和地理探测器等方法,研究了中国城市O_3浓度的时空变化特征及驱动因素.结果表明:①2015～2017年中国城市O_3污染逐年加重,年评价指标超标城市由74个增加到121个,平均超标天数比例由5. 2%上升到8. 1%.②O_3污染主要发生在4～9月,超标天数占全年总超标天数的87. 5%～95. 3%. 5～7月O_3浓度上升最快、污染最严重,超标天数比例由2015年的10. 6%上升到2017年的20. 5%,2017年83. 0%的中度污染和91. 0%的重度污染发生在5～7月.③华北平原O_3浓度的持续上升,已将京津冀和长三角地区O_3高污染区连成一片,形成了包括环渤海地区、中原城市群、长三角城市群、山西、关中地区和内蒙古中部集中连片的O_3高污染区,是我国O_3污染最严重的区域.珠三角、成渝城市群和华东地区南部O_3浓度上升也较快,成渝城市群的核心城市已初步形成我国新的O_3污染中心.④O_3浓度空间集聚性逐年增强,年度热点主要分布在华北平原和长江中下游地区,冷点主要分布于东北、西南及华南地区.⑤地理探测器分析表明,气象、工业化、城市化因素和O_3前体物排放量因子对O_3浓度分布均有显著驱动作用,但不同地区O_3浓度的驱动因素存在差别,同一因子在不同季节的驱动作用也不尽相同.     

An Approach to Theoretical Modeling and Simulation of Face Milling Forces

A new approach to theoretical modeling and simulation of face milling forces is presented. The present approach is based on a predictive machining theory in which machining characteristic factors in continuous cutting with a single-point cutting tool can be predicted from the workpiece material properties, tool geometry, and cutting conditions. The action of a milling cutter is considered as the simultaneous work of a number of single-point cutting tools, and the milling forces are predicted from input data of workpiece material properties, cutter parameters and tooth geometry, cutting condition, cutter and workpiece vibration structure parameters, and types of milling. A predictive force model for face milling is developed using this approach. In the model, the workpiece material properties are considered as functions of strain, strain rate, and temperature. The ratio of cutter tooth engagement over milling is taken into account for the determination of temperature in the cutting region. Cutter runout is included in the modeling for the chip load. The relative displacement between the cutter and workpiece due to the cutter and workpiece vibration is also included in the modeling to consider the effect on the undeformed chip thickness. A milling force simulation system has been developed using the model, and face milling experimental tests have been conducted to verify the simulation system. It is shown that the simulation results agree well with experimental results.     

驾驶员感知特性对隧道群交通安全的影响

针对高速公路隧道群对驾驶员感知特性的影响,以驾驶员的感知特性与高速公路隧道群行车安全的关系为研究对象,采用速度估计测试仪和深度知觉测试仪,在"铜汤高速-安徽段"沿线对高速公路隧道群行车途中的160名驾驶员进行实地测试,所得数据进行t检验和方差分析,用灰色建模软件V2.1进行关联度分析。结果表明:驾驶员的速度估计特性与高速公路隧道群驾驶员的年龄、驾龄以及连续行车时间具有较强的相关性,其中连续驾车时间的影响最大。年龄对驾驶员深度知觉准确性无显著影响;驾龄、连续行车时间对驾驶员的深视力准确性有显著影响。     

基于LEC法的金属矿建工程危险源辨识和评价

金属矿山危险源是金属矿山企业建设、生产过程中存在的潜在的危险,并在一定条件下能造成重大人员伤亡事故和财产损失及职业危害的不安全因素。针对金属矿山建设工程的作业环境、施工流程和施工特点,结合管理体系评审要求,划分金属矿建工程危险源辨识的主要范围包括井巷掘进、危岩采矿、有轨机械运输、井下钻探、供电维修、无轨运输、临时设施和地表等八个方面。运用LEC风险评价方法,编制LEC风险评价法大纲,对初步识别的危险源进行评审、修改、补充和完善,最后运用LEC风险评价法,对存在于矿山建设过程中的危险源进行定性-定量-定性的辨识和评价,确定矿建工程施工过程中存在的重大危害因素,有助于企业制定监控管理措施和方案,有效降低事故发生频率、提高矿建工程效益,确保矿建企业的可持续发展。     

Elemental composition of aerosol in the Nam Co region,Tibetan Plateau,during summer monsoon season

In order to investigate the chemical characteristics of atmospheric aerosols in a remote region of the Tibetan Plateau, total suspended particles were collected continuously at the Nam Co Comprehensive Observation and Research Station from July to October 2005. The PIXE analytical results showed that Si, Ca, Fe, Al, K, and S were the major components of aerosols, ranging from 82 (K)–550 (Si) ng m⁻³. The mean elemental concentrations were comparable with those from other remote sites and significantly lower than those from megacities (e.g. Beijing). The very low presence of anthropogenic elements demonstrates that the Nam Co region is an ideal background site for atmospheric monitoring. Crustal enrichment factor (EF) calculation indicated that several anthropogenic heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As) are transported long distances atmospherically. The backward air mass trajectory analysis suggests that South Asia may be the source region of those pollutants.     

Global atmospheric emission inventory of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for 2004

The global atmospheric emissions of the 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) listed as the US EPA priority pollutants were estimated using reported emission activity and emission factor data for the reference year 2004. A database for emission factors was compiled, and their geometric means and frequency distributions applied for emission calculation and uncertainty analysis, respectively. The results for 37 countries were compared with other PAH emission inventories. It was estimated that the total global atmospheric emission of these 16 PAHs in 2004 was 520 giga grams per year (Gg y^?1) with biofuel (56.7%), wildfire (17.0%) and consumer product usage (6.9%) as the major sources, and China (114 Gg y^?1), India (90 Gg y^?1) and United States (32 Gg y^?1) were the top three countries with the highest PAH emissions. The PAH sources in the individual countries varied remarkably. For example, biofuel burning was the dominant PAH source in India, wildfire emissions were the dominant PAH source in Brazil, while consumer products were the major PAH emission source in the United States. In China, in addition to biomass combustion, coke ovens were a significant source of PAHs. Globally, benzo(a)pyrene accounted for 0.05% to 2.08% of the total PAH emission, with developing countries accounting for the higher percentages. The PAH emission density varied dramatically from 0.0013 kg km^?2 y in the Falkland Islands to 360 kg km^?2 y in Singapore with a global mean value of 3.98 kg km^?2 y. The atmospheric emission of PAHs was positively correlated to the country's gross domestic product and negatively correlated with average income. Finally, a linear bivariate regression model was developed to explain the global PAH emission data.     

Characterization of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Atlanta

Twenty-four hour PM_2.5 samples from a rural site, an urban site, and a suburban site (next to a major highway) in the metropolitan Atlanta area in December 2003 and June 2004 were analyzed for 19 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Extraction of the air samples was conducted using an accelerated solvent extraction method followed by isotope dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry determination. Distinct seasonal variations were observed in total PAH concentration (i.e. significantly higher concentrations in December than in June). Mean concentrations for total particulate PAHs in December were 3.16, 4.13, and 3.40 ng m^?3 for the urban, suburban and rural sites, respectively, compared with 0.60, 0.74, and 0.24 ng m^?3 in June. Overall, the suburban site, which is impacted by a nearby major highway, had higher PAH concentration than did the urban site. Total PAH concentrations were found to be well correlated with PM_2.5, organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC) in both months (r² = 0.36–0.78, p < 0.05), although the slopes from the two months were different. PAHs represented on average 0.006% of total PM_2.5 mass and 0.017% of OC in June, compared with 0.033% of total PM_2.5 and 0.14% of OC in December. Total PAH concentrations were also correlated with potassium ion (r² = 0.39, p = 0.014) in December, but not in June, suggesting that in winter biomass burning can potentially be an important source for particulate PAH. Retene was found at a higher median air concentration at the rural site than at the urban and suburban sites—unlike the rest of the PAHs, which were found at lower levels at the rural site. Retene also had a larger seasonal difference and had the weakest correlation with the rest of the PAHs measured, suggesting that retene, in particular, might be associated with biomass burning.