黄土高原关键带土壤水分空间分异特征

地球关键带是人类生存和发展的关键区域。关键带发生的一系列物理、化学和生物过程与人类活动密切相关。土壤水分是黄土高原关键带的关键要素,同时又是黄土高原植被恢复与生态环境重建的决定因子。为揭示黄土高原关键带土壤水分的空间分异特征,采用网格(50m×50m)布点,雨季结束后采集0~500cm深度土壤样品,结合室内分析,结果表明:黄土高原小流域中73个样点0~500cm的土壤含水量分布范围介于1%~23%之间,降水对0~100cm土层的土壤水分补充明显;土壤水分在水平和垂直方向都表现出明显的空间异质性,在不同方向上的水分控制过程有所不同,是对土地利用方式、植被类型、地形要素、土壤质地等多因素综合响应的结果。充分理解关键带土壤水分空间的分异规律及其主控因素有助于该区小流域综合治理中的植被建造与布局,也有助于对该区土壤水文和生物地球化学过程的理解。     

危险废物焚烧烟气排放标准对比研究

文章在介绍国家标准体系构成的基础上,对比研究国内外危险废物焚烧烟气排放标准,通过污染因子浓度限值验证计算和排放标准限值来确定危险废物焚烧烟气排放的指标。并且给出了部分污染因子的建议指标,并通过不利气象条件下的大气扩散模式的计算,对国内外现行焚烧设备运行情况的调研,提出了中国现行危险废物焚烧污染控制标准中部分污染因子排放限值存在的问题。通过计算、标准对比,给出适合中国国情的现行焚烧烟气排放指标的限值。     

CDM问题的冷思考

CDM,即清洁发展机制,是基于《京都议定书》衍生出的温室气体跨界减排的三大机制之一。发达国家可以通过向不承担减排义务的发展中国家购买"可核证的排放削减量(CERs)",从而履行《京都议定书》所规定的减排义务。目前中国正在积极发展CDM项目。在CDM给中国带来利益的同时,也要警惕审批程序带来的不确定性、恶性价格竞争、未来政策的变动及额外性要求和成本偏高等风险,提高认识水平、加强内外沟通、深入方法学研究、拓展CDM项目领域、把握技术规则和排放标准的主动权是我们应该积极主动采取的对策。     

Impact of biomass burning on urban air quality estimated by organic tracers: Guangzhou and Beijing as cases

The impacts of biomass burning have not been adequately studied in China. In this work, chemical compositions of volatile organic compounds and particulate organic matters were measured in August 2005 in Beijing and in October 2004 in Guangzhou city. The performance of several possible tracers for biomass burning is compared by using acetonitrile as a reference compound. The correlations between the possible tracers and acetonitrile show that the use of K⁺ as a tracer could result in bias because of the existence of other K⁺ sources in urban areas, while chloromethane is not reliable due to its wide use as industrial chemical. The impact of biomass burning on air quality is estimated using acetonitrile and levoglucosan as tracers. The results show that the impact of biomass burning is ubiquitous in both suburban and urban Guangzhou, and the frequencies of air pollution episodes significantly influenced by biomass burning were 100% for Xinken and 58% for downtown Guangzhou city. Fortunately, the air quality in only 2 out of 22 days was partly impacted by biomass burning in August in Beijing, the month that 2008 Olympic games will take place. The quantitative contribution of biomass burning to ambient PM2.5 concentrations in Guangzhou city was also estimated by the ratio of levoglocusan to PM2.5 in both the ambient air and biomass burning plumes. The results show that biomass burning contributes 3.0–16.8% and 4.0–19.0% of PM2.5 concentrations in Xinken and Guangzhou downtown, respectively.     

Airborne particle PM2.5/PM10 mass distribution and particle-bound PAH concentrations near a medical waste incinerator

This study attempts to determine the influence of air quality in a residential area near a medical waste incineration plant. Ambient air concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 (PM—particulate matter) were determined by collecting air samples in areas both upwind and downwind of the plant. The differences in air pollutant levels between the study area and a reference area 11 km away from the plant were evaluated.Dichotomous samplers were used for sampling PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ from ambient air. Two hundred and twenty samples were obtained from the study area, and 100 samples were taken from a reference area. Samples were weighed by an electronic microbalance and concentrations of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were determined. A HPLC equipped with a fluorescence detector was employed to analyze the concentrations of 15 PAHs compounds adsorbed into PM_2.5 and PM₁₀.The experimental results indicated that the average concentrations of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were 30.34±17.95 and 36.81±20.45 μg m⁻³, respectively, in the study area, while the average ratio of PM_2.5/PM₁₀ was 0.82±0.01. The concentrations of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ of the study area located downwind of the incinerator were significantly higher than the study area upwind of the incinerator (P<0.05).The concentration of PAHs in PM_2.5 in the study area was 2.2 times higher than in the reference area (P<0.05). Furthermore, the benzo(a)pyrene concentrations in PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were 0.11±0.05 ng m⁻³ and 0.12±0.06 ng m⁻³ in the study area, respectively. The benzo(a)pyrene concentrations of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ in the study area were 7 and 5.3 times higher than in the reference area (P<0.05), respectively.The study indicated that the air quality of PM_2.5, PM₁₀ and PAHs had significant contamination by air pollutants emitted from a medical waste incineration factory, representing a public health problem for nearby residences, despite the factory being equipped with a modern air pollution control system.     

园林生物质中离子液体-复合菌剂共降解体系的筛选与构建

园林生物质的绿色高效降解是实现生态系统物质循环的重要环节,离子液体-生物酶作为环境友好型降解体系备受关注.通过合成1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑（[Bmim]）和1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑（[Emim]）型离子液体衍生物,比较了温和条件下各离子液体对园林生物质的溶解再生性.结合复合微生物菌剂开展酶解试验,通过考察酶解率、纤维素酶活力、降解失重率和木质素含量变化等,筛选并构建最优降解体系组合.结果表明,两种离子液体的盐取代物对园林生物质有着较好的溶解再生性,当质量分数为70%~80%时,[Emim]型离子液体-复合菌剂体系的酶解率和酶活力最高.在降解末期,[Emim]Ac_75%和[Emim]FeCl_4·75%体系的降解失重率分别为46.9%和52.6%,均为阳性对照组的1.6倍,同时木质素含量分别减少41.7%和47.2%.[Emim]FeCl_4·75%-复合菌剂体系对园林生物质有着更为显著的降解效应.     

水泥企业不同固定源PM2.5排放特性

为获得水泥企业固定源颗粒物排放特性,采用自设固定源PM_2.5稀释采集系统对陕西省关中地区某水泥企业固定源中的细颗粒物开展了现场实测工作.结果表明:窑头主要排放粒径较小的颗粒物,其粒径分布特征与燃烧气态产物冷凝、碰并、凝聚等机制相关;窑尾、煤磨、破碎、水泥磨主要排放粒径较大的颗粒物,其粒径分布特征与原料、燃料及熟料的破碎、粉磨等物理性质相关;考虑废气标干流量情况下,固定源PM_2.5控制重点依次为窑头、煤磨、窑尾、水泥磨、破碎;窑头在爱根核模态和积聚模态的颗粒物浓度整体水平明显高于窑尾、煤磨、破碎（最高值间约相差3倍左右至1个数量级）;窑头、窑尾、煤磨、破碎浓度分布的共同特征是PM₁₀粒径分布谱中大于0.1 μm的各层级颗粒物质量大多较高且各层级间质量变化较为剧烈.窑头在爱根核模态和积聚模态的颗粒物数浓度整体水平明显高于窑尾、煤磨、破碎（最高值间约相差1~2个数量级）;窑头、窑尾、煤磨、破碎数浓度分布的共同特征是PM₁₀粒径分布谱中粗粒子模态数量均很小.窑尾、窑头、煤磨、破碎、水泥磨排放因子分别为0.156 g/t（以熟料计）、3.914 g/t（以熟料计）、1.538 g/t（以煤计）、0.016 g/t（以石料计）、0.056 g/t（以水泥计）,PM_2.5排放总量分别为207.48、5 205.62、286.38、28.73、131.50 t,固定源PM_2.5排放总量为5 859.7 t.研究显示,水泥企业不同固定源颗粒物排放特性相差较大,即使同一类工艺同一性质固定源其颗粒物排放也存在不同,主要原因在于各企业的运行参数、固定源除尘设施、颗粒物检测方法及仪器等存在不同.      

菏泽市冬季PM2.5中二元羧酸类SOA的昼夜变化特征

为研究菏泽市冬季大气气溶胶中二元羧酸类化合物的昼夜变化特征与形成机制,于2017年冬季(12月)进行为期1个月的PM_(2.5)样品采集,并分析二元羧酸、酮羧酸、α-二羰基化合物及左旋葡聚糖等化学组分.结果表明,菏泽市冬季PM_(2.5)中白天二元羧酸与酮羧酸的总浓度均呈昼高夜低的变化特征,但α-二羰基化合物(二元羧酸的重要前体物)的变化特征却与之相反,表明白天气溶胶的氧化程度比夜晚强.无论在白天还是晚上,草酸(C_2)均是浓度最高的二元羧酸,其次是邻苯二甲酸(Ph)、丁二酸(C_4)和丙二酸(C_3),与其他城市地区的分子组成是相似的.由C_3/C_4的比值与温度(T)间的相关性分析可知,菏泽市冬季有机化合物主要受本地源的影响,而受远源输入的影响很小. C_2与SO_4~(2-)、气溶胶实际酸度(pHIS)的相关性分析表明,C_2主要是在液相中经酸催化的二次氧化反应形成的.因为主要的二元羧酸类化合物(C_2、Gly和mGly)与左旋葡聚糖(Levo)的相关性很强,且K~+/OC的平均比值为0. 06(范围为0. 03～0. 13),所以可以得出二元羧酸类化合物及K~+主要受生物质燃烧的影响.     

Anthropogenic radionuclides in sediment in the Japan Sea: distribution and transport processes of particulate radionuclides

Distributions of anthropogenic radionuclides (⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs and ^239+240Pu) in seabed sediment in the Japan Sea were collected during the period 1998–2002. Concentration of ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs and ^239+240Pu in seabed sediment was 0.07–1.6 Bq kg⁻¹, 0.4–9.1 Bq kg⁻¹ and 0.002–1.9 Bq kg⁻¹, respectively. In the northern basin of the sea (Japan Basin), ^239+240Pu/¹³⁷Cs ratios in seabed sediment were higher and their variation was smaller compared to that in the southeastern regions of the sea. The higher ^239+240Pu/¹³⁷Cs ratios throughout the Japan Basin were considered to reflect production of Pu-enriched particles in the surface layer and substantial sinking of particulate materials in this region. In the southern regions of the Japan Sea (<38°N), both inventories and ^239+240Pu/¹³⁷Cs ratios in sediment were larger than those in the other regions. In the southern Japan Sea, observations suggested that supply of particulate radionuclides by the Tsushima Warm Current mainly enhanced accumulation of the radionuclides in this region.     

基于改进IPAT模型的中国未来碳排放预测

在"碳排放量与能源消费成正比"假设的基础上,对中国1987—2010年的历年碳排放量和人均碳排放量进行了分区域研究与计算.经数据分析,发现以2002年为界线,前后两个时期中国碳排放变化缺乏内在的连贯性,2002年以前的碳排放曲线无法表征未来年份碳排放趋势.在此发现的基础上,以2002—2010年碳排放数据为基础,引入表征科技进步的变量,对IPAT模型进行改进,进而对2010—2050年中国碳排放进行了预测和分析.结果表明:中国排放峰值发生在2030年,全国碳排放总量将达到3684.1636Gg,人均碳排放为2.6476t;在2030年之前中国碳排放量将以平均每年2.89%的速度持续增加.2030—2050年碳排放量将以每年2.09%的速度减少,至2050年,全国碳排放量为2366.4522Gg,人均碳排放为1.8521t.本研究为中国未来碳排放政策的制定提供了方法与数据支持.