植被对黄土高原坡沟系统重力侵蚀调控机理研究

采用有限差分软件FLAC^3D对黄土高原坡沟系统及植被覆盖下重力侵蚀机理进行探索,对有无植被的坡沟系统应力场、 位移场和塑性区分布进行数值模拟,阐明了植被根系措施减缓重力侵蚀作用机制。结果表明,坡沟系统上部位移以"沉降"模式为主,下部位移以"剪切"模式为主,沟头溯源区是坡沟系统重力侵蚀最为强烈的部位;剪切塑性区域主要分布于坡面和沟坡大部分区域,张拉塑性区域主要分布于梁峁顶和梁峁坡上部;有植被覆盖时,根系加固作用改善了坡面浅层土体应力,有效降低了坡面土体的应力集中;减小了坡沟系统坡面浅层土体位移,使水平位移减少15%,铅垂位移减少2.5%;并减少了塑性屈服区体积,使剪切塑性区减少11.48%,张拉塑性区减少83.99%;减轻了重力侵蚀的破坏程度,但并未改变坡沟系统以剪切破坏为主的屈服模式。该研究为更好理解植被根系调控重力侵蚀研究提供了新的技术方法。     

Contribution of carbonaceous material to cloud condensation nuclei concentrations in European background (Mt. Sonnblick) and urban (Vienna) aerosols

During four intensive measurement campaigns (two on Mt. Sonnblick, European background aerosol, and two in Vienna, urban aerosol), cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) were measured at supersaturations of 0.5%. Impactor measurements of the mass size distribution in the size range 0.1–10 μm were performed and later analyzed for Cl^-, NO^-₃, SO^2-₄, Na⁺, NH⁺₄, K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ by ion chromatography, for total carbon (TC) using a combustion method, and for black carbon (BC) by an optical method (integrating sphere). Organic carbon (OC) was defined as the difference between TC (minus carbonate carbon) and BC. At all sites, the mass fraction of BC in the submicron aerosol was comparable (4–5%). CCN concentrations on Mt. Sonnblick were found to be 10–30% of those measured in Vienna, although high Mt. Sonnblick concentrations were comparable to low Vienna concentrations (around 800 cm^-3). The contribution of organic material was estimated from the mass concentrations of the chemical species sampled on the impactor stage with the lowest cut point (0.1–0.215 μm aerodynamic equivalent diameter). On Mt. Sonnblick, TC material contributed 11% to the total mass in fall 1995, and 67% in summer 1996, while the OC fraction was 6 and 61%. The combined electrolytes and mineral material contributed 18 and 16% in fall and summer. During the Vienna spring campaign, the contributions of OC and electrolytes to the total mass concentration in this size range were 48 and 36%, respectively.     

综采面高压注水联合高压喷雾二级防尘技术研究

综采工作面的粉尘防治一直是煤矿安全工作的重点和难题之一。结合双鸭山矿区新安矿综采工作面的实际状况,采用现场煤层高压注水实验方法,研究了高压注水条件下煤体增湿的规律;运用注水实验数据进行反演数值试验,优化煤层高压注水数学模型内部参数,利用注水数值模拟试验确定了综采工作面煤层高压注水减尘技术的最优参数;运用了高压喷雾降尘效率模型数值模拟方法,分析确定了综采工作面采煤机外置高压喷雾降尘的最优参数,研发了孔径为1.2 mm的7孔高压集成喷嘴。新安二矿、三矿煤层高压注水联合高压喷雾二级防尘技术应用效果表明:通过二级联合防尘措施,工作面全尘去除率高达96%,呼吸性粉尘去除率高达94%。     

A receptor model adapted to reactive species: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Evaluation of source contributions in an open urban site—I. Particle compounds

Contributions from three urban sources of PAHs: domestic heating, petrol vehicles and diesel vehicles, were evaluated for various times of year and various times of day. Contributions were calculated by chemical mass balance from histograms of six PAHs that are present in the atmosphere only in particle form. The urban site studied (Paris, France) is an open site well suited to the use of a piston reactor model. This model has been modified to take into account the differences in reactivity between the particle PAHs and adapted to conserve its linearity. The correction is brought to bear upon the histograms from measurements taken at the receptor site, and leads to the construction of virtual profiles from which the contributions of the various sources are calculated.Evidence of seasonal and hourly variations is brought out. The results are very realistic and can be compared with information about vehicle traffic density and about energy consumption. They also show that the difference observed between summer and winter concentrations is mainly due to variations in production, and not to the decay of PAHs.     

Atmospheric chemistry of peroxides: a review

Inorganic and organic peroxides have become the focus of increased attention by atmospheric chemists during the last decade. Hydrogen peroxide serves as an important link between gas phase radicals and aqueous phase chemistry in the atmosphere. As an important aqueous phase oxidant of S(IV), H₂O₂ plays a major role in the acidification of clouds, fogs, dew and rain. Several studies have indicated that peroxides and their precursor radicals cause damage to a variety of plant tissue.In this article we review analytical techniques, discuss and review the various sources of peroxides in the gas and aqueous phases and examine their reactions with S(IV) and N(III).     

Mechanisms controlling the transport and evaporation of human exhaled respiratory droplets containing the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Transmission of the coronavirus disease 2019 is still ongoing despite mass vaccination, lockdowns, and other drastic measures to control the pandemic. This is due...     

Polymeric carbon nitride-based photocatalysts for the removal of nitrogen oxides: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Air pollution in Chinese megacities by particulate matter and ozone is a major health problem originating partly from emissions of nitrogen oxides. Therefore,...     

陕西省城镇污水处理厂进出水中主要离子与重点元素分布特征

污水处理厂出水中主要离子和重点元素的浓度特征及去除效果会影响受纳水体的盐度、碱度等指标,从而影响河湖的生态服务功能,但是这方面的研究长期以来未得到充分关注。在陕西省全境选择51家城镇污水处理厂,测定进水和出水中的钾、钙、钠、镁、氟、氯和硫酸根离子,以及铁、锰、硼、钼、锶等重点元素的浓度。测定结果显示:陕西省城镇污水处理厂进水和出水中的阳离子以钠离子为主,其次是钙、镁离子,钾离子浓度最低;阴离子中,氯离子浓度最大,其次为硫酸根离子。就总离子浓度而言,陕北和关中地区污水处理厂进水的离子浓度普遍高于陕南地区。相关性分析结果显示:在污水处理厂进水中,钠、氟、氯、镁及硫酸根离子相互之间均呈现显著正相关关系;铁、锰在进水中没有表现出明显的相关关系,而在出水中呈现显著的正相关关系。污水处理厂仅能够处理污水中少量的氟、钾和镁离子。铁元素和锰元素在经过污水处理厂的处理后,浓度有所升高。此研究的研究结果可为河湖水化学组成管理决策提供参考。     

不同类型有机化合物理论化学耗氧量的数学计算模型

根据有机物与氧反应的化学平衡,建立了计算不同类型有机物理论化学耗氧量的通用数学模型,计有三种表式：有机物摩尔理论COD;单位质量有机物理论COD;体积为V升、理论COD浓度为Cmg/L的有机化合物溶液所含该有机化合物的量（x,g）。对大多数模型进行了实验验证,模型计算值与实测值间的最大相对误差在4％左右,说明这些模型推导合理。     

Long-term trends of primary and secondary pollutant concentrations in Switzerland and their response to emission controls and economic changes

A detrending technique is developed for short-term and yearly variations in order to identify long-term trends in primary and secondary pollutants. In this approach, seasonal and weekly variations are removed by using a mean year; the residual meteorological short-term variation is removed by using a multiple linear regression model. This methodology is employed to detrend ozone (O₃), NO_x, VOC and CO concentrations in Switzerland. We show that primary pollutants (NO_x,VOC and CO) at urban and sub-urban stations show a downward trend over the last decade which correlates well with the reductions in the estimated Swiss emissions. In spite of these large decreases achieved in precursor emissions, summer peak ozone concentrations do not show any statistically significant trend over the last decade. Application of this method to ozone concentrations measured at the Jungfraujoch (3580 m a.s.l.) also shows no trend over the last 10 years. Detrended summer ozone correlates well with European Union gross national product and industrial production growth rates. These results suggest that if substantial reductions in summer peak ozone in Switzerland are desired, emissions reduction strategies must be part of control program involving a much larger region.