基于网格的长三角PM2.5分布影响因素及交互效应

基于遥感反演数据,研究了2016年长三角地区PM_2.5浓度空间分布特征,从气象因素、地形、植被和大气污染物排放清单等方面选取评价因子,以0.25°×0.25°网格为评价单元,利用GAM模型研究了长三角PM_2.5空间分布的影响因素及交互效应.结果表明：①长三角PM_2.5浓度总体呈北高南低、西高东低的分布态势,但以南北向差异为主.长三角南部PM_2.5浓度多低于35 μg·m^-3,PM_2.5超标零星出现在城镇周围,呈孤岛状分布.北部PM_2.5浓度多超过35μg·m^-3,PM_2.5污染多呈连片状分布.②长三角PM_2.5浓度分布具有显著的正的空间自相关性,高高集聚区集中分布在长三角北部,低低集聚区集中分布在南部.③ GAM模型分析表明,地形起伏度、气温和降水量对PM_2.5浓度主要呈负向影响;污染物排放量主要呈正向影响;风速<2.5 m·s^-1时影响不显著,风速≥2.5 m·s^-1后有显著的负向影响.地形起伏度、气温和降水量南高北低是造成长三角PM_2.5北高南低的重要原因,风速东高西低是造成长三角PM_2.5浓度东西向差异的原因之一.④除地形起伏度-PM_2.5排放量外,其余因素两两间的交互项均通过了显著性检验,对PM_2.5分布有显著的交互效应.     

模糊AHP法在闹德海水库水质综合评价中的应用

考虑到水库饮用水源样本并没有严格的属性,以及它们在形态和类属方面存在着中介性,确定了对人类生理健康影响较大的高锰酸盐指数、大肠杆菌、总氮、氨氮、总磷、溶解氧6项评价因子;通过构造判断矩阵及一致性检验,判断专家意见的一致性,有效地将定性分析与定量分析的结合,从数学分析的角度上给出了各个指标比较的数量关系;将评价因子层指标的权重与模糊数学模型结合,建立城市水库水质评价的模糊AHP法数学模型。利用阜新市主要水源地2010年的水质监测资料对阜新市水源地水质的主要影响因子、污染原因、污染程度分别进行评价与适用性分析。结果表明:影响阜新市水库水质的主要因子为高锰酸盐指数、总磷、总氮;农牧区的大量施肥与喷洒农药是构成水库总磷超标的主要原因。     

气象因素和前体物对中国东部O3浓度分布的影响

采用重心模型、空间自相关分析和地理探测器,研究了2016年中国东部O₃浓度的时空变化规律,揭示了气象因素和前体物对中国东部O₃浓度空间分布格局及其演变的影响.结果表明：（1）O₃浓度变化可分为3个阶段：1~3月为低值上升阶段、4~9月为高值波动阶段、10~12月为低值下降阶段,O₃污染主要发生在高值波动阶段,超标天数占全年的96.0%.（2）气象因素是影响O₃年均浓度空间分布格局的主导因素,受降水、相对湿度南高北低和日照时数北高南低的影响,O₃年均浓度总体呈北高南低的态势;前体物对O₃年均浓度分布也有显著影响,是城市群核心城市形成局部O₃污染中心的原因.（3）O₃月均浓度分布格局经历了由北高南低到南高北低的演变过程,1~6月O₃浓度总体重心和高值重心向北迁移,6月达到最北,北高南低的特征最强,环渤海地区成为O₃污染最严重的区域;7~12月,O₃浓度总体重心和高值重心向南迁移,12月达到最南,O₃浓度分布格局演变为南高北低.3~9月雨季期间,O₃浓度分布主要受降水和相对湿度的影响,其余时间主要受气温的影响.（4）前体物对O₃浓度分布的影响主要通过气象条件实现,气温越高,光化学反应越强,前体物的正向影响力越大;气温越低,光化学反应越弱,NO_x、CO、SO₂等化学性质活跃的前体物对O₃可能起消耗作用.     

Trends analysis of fire accidents in the history of China: B.C.221–A.D.1949

In this paper, fire accidents happening from B.C.221 to A.D.1949 in China are analyzed and the changing regularity of high fire occurrence regions (HFOR) is discussed. We have reached some useful conclusions: (1) the changes of HFOR in China follow those of the economic and cultural centers. The more advanced the economy in the province, the more the fire accidents. (2) war is the primary cause for fires in the Chinese history.     

An analysis of coupling coordination relationship between regional economy and transportation: empirical evidence from China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The increasing discrepancy between a regional economy and transportation imposes higher requirements for their coordinated development. This paper...     

商场工作人员自我效能感与火灾时行为的结构方程模型分析*

为充分发挥商场工作人员在火灾风险下的疏导作用,提高疏散效率。引入火灾安全意识、行为选择动机、火灾认知能力为中介变量,研究商场工作人员自我效能感与火灾时的有利行为、不利行为之间的关系,构建结构方程模型;对西安市某大型商场212名工作人员进行问卷调查,运用Amos24.0软件进行分析。研究结果表明:自我效能感主要通过火灾安全意识、行为选择动机、火灾认知能力对商场工作人员发生火灾时的行为产生影响,这3个中介变量对商场工作人员发生火灾时的有利行为呈显著正相关,对不利行为呈显著负相关;火灾认知能力对商场工作人员发生火灾时的有利行为影响最大,行为选择动机对商场工作人员发生火灾时的不利行为影响最大。研究结果可为商场火灾安全疏散管理提供有效依据,对商场火灾疏散具有重要意义。     

Free amino acids in marine aerosols over the western North Pacific Ocean

Atmospheric input of fixed nitrogen species to the ocean has attracted considerable attention from the viewpoint of the oceanic biogeochemical cycle of nitrogen, although few measurements of organic nitrogen compounds in atmospheric aerosols have been extensively conducted over remote ocean areas. In this study, we report the geographical distribution of dissolved free amino acids (DFAA) in the water-soluble fraction of two size-segregated marine aerosols over the western North Pacific. The concentrations of DFAA showed higher values over the region north of 30°N, whereas they clearly decreased south of 30°N. Approximately 59–96% of DFAA was found in fine-mode particles. Long-range transport from continental sources could largely contribute to DFAA in marine aerosols over the remote North Pacific.     

Atmospheric concentrations of ammonia and ammonium at an agricultural site in the southeast United States

In this study, we present ∼1 yr (October 1998–September 1999) of 12-hour mean ammonia (NH₃), ammonium (NH₄⁺), hydrochloric acid (HCl), chloride (Cl⁻), nitrate (NO₃⁻), nitric acid (HNO₃), nitrous acid (HONO), sulfate (SO₄²⁻), and sulfur dioxide (SO₂) concentrations measured at an agricultural site in North Carolina's Coastal Plain region. Mean gas concentrations were 0.46, 1.21, 0.54, 5.55, and 4.15 μg m⁻³ for HCl, HNO₃, HONO, NH₃, and SO₂, respectively. Mean aerosol concentrations were 1.44, 1.23, 0.08, and 3.37 μg m⁻³ for NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻, Cl⁻, and SO₄²⁻, respectively. Ammonia, NH₄⁺, HNO₃, and SO₄²⁻ exhibit higher concentrations during the summer, while higher SO₂ concentrations occur during winter. A meteorology-based multivariate regression model using temperature, wind speed, and wind direction explains 76% of the variation in 12-hour mean NH₃ concentrations (n=601). Ammonia concentration increases exponentially with temperature, which explains the majority of variation (54%) in 12-hour mean NH₃ concentrations. Dependence of NH₃ concentration on wind direction suggests a local source influence. Ammonia accounts for >70% of NH_x (NH_x=NH₃+NH₄⁺) during all seasons. Ammonium nitrate and sulfate aerosol formation does not appear to be NH₃ limited. Sulfate is primarily associated ammonium sulfate, rather than bisulfate, except during the winter when the ratio of NO₃⁻–NH₄⁺ is ∼0.66. The annual average NO₃⁻–NH₄⁺ ratio is ∼0.25.