聚丙烯酰胺对磷素在土壤中吸附-解析与迁移的影响

通过等温吸附-解析试验和土柱淋溶试验,研究了土壤(填土)经聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)处理后对磷素的吸附、解析规律以及磷素在土柱中迁移的影响.研究结果表明,和原土样相比,PAM减少了土壤在慢速吸附阶段对磷的吸附,不仅使土壤对磷的最大吸附量(Xm)降低,而且使被吸附磷的解析率升高;PAM与土壤复合后可以促进有效磷在土柱中向下迁移,增加淋溶液中磷的浓度.     

基于行为与意愿悖离视角的农户亲环境行为研究——以有机肥施用为例

作为一种亲环境的农业生产资料,施用有机肥可改善当前的农业环境污染现状.为探究农户亲环境行为与意愿悖离的原因所在,以有机肥施用为例,基于农户实地调查数据,运用二元Logistic模型,从认知特征、心理特征和外部情境因素,对导致农户在施用有机肥这一亲环境行为过程中所产生的行为与意愿的悖离现象背后的原因进行分析.结果表明:农户有机肥施用行为与意愿存在悖离,农户对有机肥了解情况、感知行为控制、社会责任感、社会规范、身体状况、文化程度、家庭收入、地块数和有机肥收益是该现象的成因.此外,进一步分析结果表明,对文化程度较高的农户而言,农业环境污染认知水平越高、农业环境污染对自身健康影响认知水平越高,其有机肥施用行为与意愿悖离的可能性越小;对较大年龄和女性农户而言,居住地与地块距离越远、地块周边交通状况越差,其有机肥施用行为与意愿悖离的可能性越大.据此提出应提升文化程度较高农户的整体认知水平、加强对施用有机肥的宣传、合理制定有机肥施用社会规范、加大对有机肥施用措施的补贴力度、在尽量照顾较大年龄和女性农户前提下调整耕地并进一步降低耕地细碎化程度等政策建议,以促进农户有机肥施用意愿向行为的转化.     

Analysis of particulate organics in a forest atmosphere by thermodesorption GC/MS

Aerosol samples from a forest site were collected on glass fiber filters, and particulate bound organics were analyzed by a thermodesorption GC/MS procedure. A conventional GC injector was modified to enable the insertion of loaded filter samples without disarranging the GC-system. Seven commercial glass fiber filter types were tested for performance with regard to sampling and analysis requirements. Sixty-six substances were detected in aerosol samples, 40 organics, mainly n-alkanes, phthalic acid esters, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, n-alkane nitriles and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HCs) were identified. Comparative measurements of samples collected at an urban site and in flat showed only small differences for the ratio of the main constituents identified.     

Gaseous emissions from Canadian boreal forest fires

CO₂-normalized emission ratios (ΔX/ΔCO₂; V/V; where ΔX and ΔCO₂ = the enhancement of trace gas and CO₂, respectively, above background levels) for carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H₂), methane (CH₄), total nonmethane hydrocarbons (TNMHC), and nitrous oxide (N₂O) were determined from smoke samples collected during low-altitude helicopter flights over two prescribed fires in northern Ontario, Canada. The emission ratios determined from these prescribed boreal forest fires are compared to emission ratios determined over two graminoid (grass) wetlands fires in central Florida and are found to be substantially higher (elevated levels of reduced gas production relative to CO₂) during all stages of combustion. These results argue strongly for the need to characterize biomass burning emissions from the major global vegetation/ecosystems in order to couple combustion emissions to their vegetation/ecosystem type. Such a process should improve the quality of any assessments of biomass burning impacts on atmospheric chemistry and climate.     

三峡库区腹地土地功能演变及其驱动机制分析

土地利用功能在一定程度上反映了土地利用方式和强度的变化。以三峡库区腹地奉节县和巫山县为研究区域,以1986、2000、2007和2015年多时相遥感影像资料为数据源,通过空间自相关和冷热点分析等研究方法,分析土地利用功能的时空演变规律,并探索其与海拔、坡度和岩性等自然因子,以及人口、道路等社会经济条件的耦合驱动机制,揭示土地利用功能的理论现实意义。研究发现：(1)就土地利用功能数量而言,生活用地增加,生产功能减少,生态用地总体趋于稳定;就土地利用功能面积变化格局而言,三生功能均向稳定性方向发展。(2)就其集散程度而言,生产功能由大集聚向小集聚转变且集聚面积减少;生活功能集聚性持续增强,且集聚面积扩大;生态功能由集聚向分散变化,且空间范围增加。(3)就土地利用功能的驱动机制而言,包括高程、坡度和岩性在内的自然因子影响其空间分布状况,人口及道路分布影响三生功能的空间数量变化。     

The influence of information communication technology on farmers’ sales channels in environmentally affected areas of China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The rapid development of information communication technology (ICT), represented by mobile phones and the Internet, allows capitalizing to a greater...     

Persistent free radicals in humin under redox conditions and their impact in transforming polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

• Regulation of redox conditions promotes the generation of free radicals on HM. • HM-PFRs can be fractionated into active and inactive types depending on stability. • The newly produced PFRs readily release electrons to oxygen and generate ROS. • PFR-induced ROS mediate the transformation of organic contaminants adsorbed on HM. The role of humic substance-associated persistent free radicals (PFRs) in the fate of organic contaminants under various redox conditions remains unknown. This study examined the characterization of original metal-free peat humin (HM), and HM treated with varying concentrations of H₂O₂ and L-ascorbic acid (VC) (assigned as H₂O₂-HM and VC-HM). The concentration of PFRs in HM increased with the addition of VC/H₂O₂ at concentrations less than 0.08 M. The evolution of PFRs in HM under different environmental conditions (e.g., oxic/anoxic and humidity) was investigated. Two types of PFRs were detected in HM: a relatively stable radical existed in the original sample, and the other type, which was generated by redox treatments, was relatively unstable. The spin densities of VC/H₂O₂-HM readily returned to the original value under relatively high humidity and oxic conditions. During this process, the HM-associated “unstable” free radicals released an electron to O₂, inducing the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS, i.e., ^•OH and ^•O₂⁻). The generated ROS promoted the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons based on the radical quenching measurements. The transformation rates followed the order naphthalene>phenanthrene>anthracene>benzo[a]pyrene. Our results provide valuable insight into the HM-induced transformation of organic contaminants under natural conditions.     

西北地区昼夜增温的不对称性对植被动态的影响

全球变暖有很大的差异性,表现在昼夜增温速度和各个季节的温度增加的速率具有不一致性,夜间增温的速度要快于白天增温的速度,夜间气温的增温对植被变化的影响更为明显。文章利用34年逐月最高温、最低温以及降水量数据,用一元线性回归分析法、反距离权重插值以及二阶偏相关分析法,分析了西北地区白天和夜间气温的非对称时空变化和非对称增温趋势对植被动态的影响,结果表明:西北地区昼夜温度都呈现出上升的趋势,且上升趋势比较明显,白天增温的速度和夜间增温的速度呈现出不对称性,夜间温度升高的速率是白天温度升高速率的1.2倍,昼夜的温差呈现出减小的趋势;西北地区昼夜增温趋势存在不一致性,白天气温的增温速率在-0.02-0.11℃?a-1,夜间气温的增温速率在-0.06-0.2℃?a-1。tmax和tmin在绝大部分地区都呈现上升趋势,但在空间变化的区域上具有不对称性;西北地区植被生长对昼夜增温的响应具有明显的空间差异性,大部分地区的植被对昼夜增温表现为积极的响应,夜间增温对植被的影响要比白天增温对植被的影响是比较明显的;白天和夜间增温的不对称性影响着不同类型的植被,白天气温的升高有利于针叶林植被、草地和阔叶林植被的生长,而夜间气温的升高对灌丛和荒漠植被的生长有积极的影响。     

长江流域中上游植被NDVI时空变化及其地形分异效应

研究植被NDVI的时空演变及其地形分异效应,对于深入理解植被与人类活动的关系,揭示区域环境变迁,指导区域生态环境科学治理具有重要意义。以长江流域中上游作为研究区,基于1998～2015年SPOT-VEGETATION NDVI年度数据、DEM数据和基础地理信息数据,运用RS、GIS和数理统计分析等方法,探究了植被NDVI的时空演变特征及其地形分异效应,并对其影响原因进行了探讨。结果表明:(1)1998～2015年长江流域中上游地区生态环境得到极大改善,植被年均NDVI在时间上由1998年0.67增长至2015年0.75,年均增长率为0.57%。(2)植被NDVI在空间上的改善区域(48.58%)明显大于退化区域(11.1%),改善区域主要集中分布在研究区中东部地区。(3)植被NDVI在海拔500～1 000、1 000～1 500 m及坡度8°～15°、15°～25°区域改善趋势最大,在5 000 m和坡度0°～5°区域退化趋势最大;坡向对植被NDVI变化影响不显著。(4)18年间长江流域中上游地区植被NDVI变化可能是受天然林保护、退耕还林(草)等生态工程实施和人类社会经济活动共同作用的结果。该文能为长江流域中上游地区脆弱生态环境的治理和改善提供科学依据,进而筑牢长江中上游重要生态屏障,推进长江经济带绿色发展。     

基于Fe~0的PRB去除地下水中硝酸盐的模拟研究

由于地下水中硝酸盐污染的普遍性、难去除性和对人体健康的潜在危害性而引起人们的广泛关注。本研究通过柱实验,研究了不同条件(进水pH、砂/Fe0体积比和添加锯末)对基于Fe0的模拟渗透性反应墙(permeable reactivebarrier,PRB)去除地下水中硝酸盐的影响。结果表明,由于黄土的碱性和缓冲作用,进水pH的影响不显著;5~6∶1的砂/Fe0(S/Fe)体积比既可提高铁粉利用率,又有利于硝酸盐的还原并延长PRB的有效期;铁腐蚀产物引起铁粉粘固而导致PRB的渗透性和反应性降低,尤其在反应区的进水口端;虽然酸预处理Fe0有助于硝酸盐的还原,但更容易引起堵塞,而在Fe0体系中加入活性炭不仅可提高硝酸盐的去除率,还可延长PRB的有效期,是一种很好的辅助填料;同时添加锯末和Fe0的生物-化学联合法更有助于硝酸盐还原并提高出水水质,具有很好的应用潜力;不同条件下,出水中的氨和亚硝酸盐的浓度相差较大,但可溶性铁浓度均低于饮用水标准(0.3 mg/L)。Fe0的化学还原和锯末的生物反硝化是硝酸盐去除的主要机理。本研究表明,基于Fe0的PRB用于去除中性或偏碱性地下水中的硝酸盐污染具有很大的潜力。