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11.
D.S. Lee R.D. Kingdon M.E. Jenkin A. Webster 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2000,5(2):105-118
In order to understand relationships between sources and receptors of atmospheric deposition, computer models must be used.
This paper describes a Lagrangian acid deposition model that represents emissions of trace species across Northern Europe.
The chemistry of sulphur dioxide, dimethyl sulphide and hydrogen sulphide is represented and the model tested against estimates
of UK wet and dry deposition. Mean UK wet and dry deposition for the period 1992–1994 was 206 and 145 ktonne S yr-1, respectively. The model predicted wet and dry deposition of 222 and 166 ktonne S yr-1, in good agreement with measurements. The model has been used to examine the sources of deposited S to the UK. For a base
year of 1992, 86% of the UK's SO2 emissions are exported. The S deposition attributable from mainland European sources was 36% of the UK total S deposition,
in good agreement with other UK models but this differs substantially from the calculations of the EMEP model. Natural sources
of S deposition from planktonic emissions of dimethyl sulphide, biological emissions of hydrogen sulphide and non-eruptive
volcanic emissions of sulphur dioxide contributed approximately 1% of the modelled UK S deposition, of which 95% originated
from dimethyl sulphide. The explicit chemical scheme for dimethyl sulphide incorporated into the model showed that 24% of
the resultant deposited S was methane sulphonic acid. Boundary conditions of the model were tested and it was found that initialisation
of sulphur dioxide and sulphate concentrations to representative ambient conditions had a very small effect. The modelled
contribution of UK and European sources to UK S deposition was approximately 40 and 60%, respectively, showing the dramatic
change arising from projected UK SO2 emissions in 2010.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
12.
13.
Nahanni National Park Reserve is located at southwestern NWT-Yukon border. One of the first UNESCO World Heritage sites, Nahanni lies within Taiga Cordillera and Taiga Shield Ecozones. Base and precious metal mining occurred upstream of Nahanni prior to park establishment. Nahanni waters, sediments, fish, and caribou have naturally elevated metals levels. Baseline water, sediment and fish tissue quality data were collected and analyzed throughout Nahanni during 1988–91 and 1992–97. These two programs characterized how aquatic quality variables are naturally varying in space and time, affected by geology, stream flow, seasonality, and extreme meteorological and geological events. Possible anthropogenic causes of aquatic quality change were examined. Measured values were compared to existing Guidelines and site-specific objectives were established. 相似文献
14.
Remote SO2 Mass Flux Measurements Using COSPEC 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
R. M. Hoff M. M. Millan 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(4):381-384
During the intensive Nanticoke Environmental Field Study of May/June 1978, three Barringer Correlation Spectrometers (COSPEC) were employed to obtain remote sensing estimates of sulfur dioxide emissions from a coal fired hydroelectric generating station. The results from about one hundred half-hourly sampling periods shows that the COSPEC derived estimate is within 7% of those computed by the utility. The sources of the variance in the COSPEC flux estimate are examined and sampling recommendations regarding the use of COSPEC for this purpose are made. 相似文献
15.
Jeffrey R. Brook Leiming Zhang Yifan Li David Johnson 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》1999,33(30):804
Numerical sensitivity tests and four months of complete model runs have been conducted for the Routine Deposition Model (RDM). The influence of individual model inputs on dry deposition velocity as a function of land-use category (LUC) and pollutant (SO2, O3, SO2−4 and HNO3) were examined over a realistic range of values for solar radiation, stability and wind speed. Spatial and temporal variations in RDM deposition velocity (Vd) during June – September 1996 time period generated using meteorological input from a mesoscale model run at 35 km resolution over north-eastern North America were also examined. Comparison of RDM Vd values to a variety of measurements of dry deposition velocities of SO2, O3, SO2−4 and NHO3 that have been reported in the literature demonstrated that RDM produces realistic results. Over northeastern NA RDM monthly averaged dry deposition velocities for SO2 vary from 0.2 to 3.0 cm s−1 with the highest deposition velocities over water surfaces. For O3, the monthly averaged dry deposition velocities are from 0.05 to 1.0 cm s−1 with the lowest values over water surfaces and the highest over forested areas. For HNO3, the monthly averaged dry deposition velocities have the range of 0.5 to 6 cm s−1, with the highest values for forested areas. For SO2−4, they range from 0.05–1.5 cm s−1, with the lowest values over water and the highest over forest. The monthly averaged dry deposition velocities for SO2 and O3 are higher in the growing season compared to the fall, but this behaviour is not apparent for HNO3 and sulphate. In the daytime, the hourly averaged dry deposition velocities for SO2, O3, SO2−4 and HNO3 are higher than that in the nighttime over most of the vegetated area. The diurnal variation is most evident for surfaces with large values for leaf area index (LAI), such as forests. Based on the results presented in this paper, it is concluded that RDM Vd values can be combined with measured air concentrations over hourly, daily or weekly periods to determine dry deposition amounts and with wet deposition measurements to provide seasonal estimates of total deposition and estimates of the relative importance of dry deposition. 相似文献
16.
Juan M. González Benítez J. Neil Cape Mathew R. Heal Netty van Dijk Alberto Vidal Díez 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(26):4087-4094
Water soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) compounds are ubiquitous in precipitation and in the planetary boundary layer, and therefore are a potential source of bioavailable reactive nitrogen. This paper examines weekly rain data over a period of 22 months from June 2005 to March 2007 collected in 2 types of rain collector (bulk deposition and “dry + wet” deposition) located in a semi-rural area 15 km southwest of Edinburgh, UK (N55°51′44″, W3°12′19″). Bulk deposition collectors are denoted in this paper as “standard rain gauges”, and they are the design used in the UK national network for monitoring precipitation composition. “Dry + wet” deposition collectors are flushing rain gauges and they are equipped with a rain detector (conductivity array), a spray nozzle, a 2-way valve and two independent bottles to collect funnel washings (dry deposition) and true wet deposition. On average, for the 27 weekly samples with 3 valid replicates for the 2 types of collectors, dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) represented 23% of the total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) in bulk deposition. Dry deposition of particles and gas on the funnel surface, rather than rain, contributed over half of all N-containing species (inorganic and organic). Some discrepancies were found between bulk rain gauges and flushing rain gauges, for deposition of both TDN and DON, suggesting biological conversion and loss of inorganic N in the flushing samplers. 相似文献
17.
《Atmospheric environment(England)》1983,17(8):1489-1495
A climatological box model is applied to wet deposition of sulfur in eastern North America using the extreme assumption that all wet-deposited sulfates originate in sulfate aerosol. The measured sulfate in precipitation during 1977–1979 constrains the probability that an SO2 molecule emitted in the eastern United States is oxidized before deposition or outflow from the region to values greater than 0.5 and more likely near 1.0. This result implies that uniform SO2 emission reductions will produce nearly proportional reductions in wet sulfates originating in those emissions and deposited on land. A similar result was obtained previously using the more likely assumption that oxidation and removal of SO2 in precipitating clouds is the major source of wet deposition of sulfur. Therefore, it is argued that uniform regional reductions in annual average SO2 emissions will produce nearly proportional reductions in wet sulfur deposited on land and originating in those emissions. The amount of wet sulfate deposition is demonstrated to constrain the mean scale of transport along air parcel trajectories for the precursor of wet sulfur, whether SO2 or sulfate aerosol, to values greater than 900 km. An examination of previous microscopic photochemical models indicates that the sulfate aerosol formation rate is roughly proportional to local SO2 concentrations, an inference which is consistent with the result of the climatological model. 相似文献
18.
《Atmospheric environment(England)》1988,22(12):2863-2869
The average hourly variation of particle concentration and its charged fraction has been determined in the city of Oviedo (Spain). The population density in the central zone of Oviedo, a city of 180,000 inhabitants, is one of the highest in Europe. The city is not very industrialized.The average particle size distribution in winter and summer has been studied resulting in unimodal spectra, which are fitted to a log-normal distribution.It has been demonstrated that the average distributions in the city of Oviedo are a direct consequence of two primary sources, traffic and heating systems. 相似文献
19.
20.
《Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics》1992,26(6):1081-1096
As a contribution to the climatological characterization of the Izaña baseline observatory (Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain), back-trajectories were calculated and an air mass climatology was developed for a 5-year period. On a daily basis, 5-day back-trajectories were computed for the 850- and 700-HPa levels from January 1983 to December 1987. Trajectories were separated into long- and short-range flows and classified into categories depending on the path followed by the air masses. Flows from the North Atlantic Ocean were much more frequent than flows from continental sectors. In addition, seasonal variations of the sector frequencies were studied and synoptic meteorological patterns were associated with each trajectory category. 相似文献