韩国西海岸地区停车场径流携带沉积物的粒径分布及污染特征研究

为了解沿海地区城市停车场内径流携带沉积物的粒径分布及污染特征,于2011年4—6月在韩国西海岸12个不同停车场采集了沉积物样品,分别分析了其粒径分布和各粒径中污染物质的含量.结果表明,不同采样点的废弃物形态差异较大,主要表现在较大的植物茎叶、烟蒂及动物粪便等废弃物和含水率等方面.不同采样点的颗粒物粒径大小不同,其颗粒物的均一性也有所差异.总体来讲,106～500μm之间的颗粒物是径流携带沉积物的主要组成部分,其平均质量分数占总体(<2360μm)颗粒物的59.9%.对不同粒径中污染物质的含量分析得出,颗粒物中污染物质的含量随粒径增大而减小.其中,<106μm的颗粒物中总氮、总磷、COD和挥发性物质的质量分别占各污染物总量的18.9%、17.8%、20.41%和18.9%,而该部分颗粒物本身的平均质量分数只有3.9%.可见<106μm的颗粒物处于高度污染状态.因此,在城市停车场面源污染管理中,应该对该部分高度污染的颗粒物给以足够的重视.对于不同污染特征的颗粒物应该采用不同的去除方法.     

苏州城市化进程对降雨特征影响分析

城市化的发展过程中,城市下垫面的改变以及人类的生产生活共同作用使大气边界层的特性发生变化,从而影响了城市地区的降雨。位于太湖流域平原水网地区的苏州城市化发展迅速。在分析了苏州城市化发展进程的特点及1953~2000年降雨时间序列特征基础上,采用同时期城区（苏州站）与郊区（望亭站）雨量横向对比、城市化发展不同时期同一站雨量纵向对比的方法,研究了城市化对该地区降雨量、降雨年内分配、降雨发生次数等的影响。通过研究发现：城市化对年雨量、汛期雨量和最大日雨量都有不同程度的增加作用,其中对最大日雨量的影响最显著;受城市化影响,降雨年内分配有集中的趋势;城市化使不同类型降雨发生次数均增加,其中对暴雨发生次数的影响最大。     

Dry deposition of atmospheric aerosols by dual tracer method — I. Area source

Aerosol deposition velocities can be estimated from measurements of the ratio of the concentration of a depositing species, such as Pb, to a non-depositing (conserved) species, such as CO, when both originate from the same source (dual tracer method). This method has been applied to size-segregated aerosol samples collected in Los Angeles, CA during the Southern California Air Quality Study, summer 1987. Lead size distributions were measured in ambient and tunnel samples using an eight-stage low pressure impactor. A new parameter, the fraction of aerosol remaining airborne, was directly determined. This fraction is of great importance receptor modelling. Dry deposition velocities calculated using a stirred atmosphere (box) model, varied over three orders of magnitude depending on particle size. The calculated deposition velocity for unit density particles > 0.5 μm, was approximately proportional to D_p² as expected for deposition by an interception mechanism (d_p = particle aerodynamic diameter).     

Understanding interactions between urban development policies and GHG emissions: A case study in Stockholm Region

Human-induced urban growth and sprawl have implications for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that may not be included in conventional GHG accounting methods. Improved understanding of this issue requires use of interactive, spatial-explicit social–ecological systems modeling. This paper develops a comprehensive approach to modeling GHG emissions from urban developments, considering Stockholm County, Sweden as a case study. GHG projections to 2040 with a social–ecological system model yield overall greater emissions than simple extrapolations in official climate action planning. The most pronounced difference in emissions (39% higher) from energy use single-residence buildings resulting from urban sprawl. And this difference is not accounted for in the simple extrapolations. Scenario results indicate that a zoning policy, restricting urban development in certain areas, can mitigate 72% of the total emission effects of the model-projected urban sprawl. The study outcomes include a decision support interface for communicating results and policy implications with policymakers.

     

Assessing Impacts of Typhoons and the Chi-Chi Earthquake on Chenyulan Watershed Landscape Pattern in Central Taiwan Using Landscape Metrics

The Chi-Chi earthquake (M_L = 7.3) occurred in the central part of Taiwan on September 21, 1999. After the earthquake, typhoons Xangsane and Toraji produced heavy rainfall that fell across the eastern and central parts of Taiwan on November 2000 and July 2001. This study uses remote sensing data, landscape metrics, multivariate statistical analysis, and spatial autocorrelation to assess how earthquake and typhoons affect landscape patterns. It addresses variations of the Chenyulan watershed in Nantou County, near the earthquake’s epicenter and crossed by Typhoon Toraji. The subsequent disturbances have gradually changed landscape of the Chenyulan watershed. Disturbances of various types, sizes, and intensities, following various tracks, have various effects on the landscape patterns and variations of the Chenyulan watershed. The landscape metrics that are obtained by multivariate statistical analyses showed that the disturbances produced variously fragmented patches, interspersed with other patches and isolated from patches of the same type across the entire Chenyulan watershed. The disturbances also affected the isolation, size, and shape-complexity of patches at the landscape and class levels. The disturbances at the class level more strongly affected spatial variations in the landscape as well as patterns of grasslands and bare land, than variations in the watershed farmland and forest. Moreover, the earthquake with high magnitude was a starter to create these landscape variations in space in the Chenyulan watershed. The cumulative impacts of the disturbances on the watershed landscape pattern had existed, especially landslides and grassland in the study area, but were not always evident in space and time in landscape and other class levels.     

中国省域农业共同边界技术效率差异分析

以1997-2009年间省际时间序列-截面数据为基础,在方向性距离函数和共同边界分析架构下,测度考虑"坏产出"情况下的中国大陆地区31个省(市)农业生产的共同边界效率、群组边界效率以及达到整体理想最佳农业技术效率的追赶程度。主要结论如下:①1997-2009年间各省(市)共同边界农业技术效率呈现增加-减少-增加的变化趋势,其平均值为0.692,农业实际产出占理想产出的比例仅为69.2%;②不同群组农业技术效率存在明显差异,其地区分布与区域经济发展水平、农业生产条件存在着空间对应关系,即经济发展水平较高、农业生产条件较好的区域,技术效率和技术水平也较高。不同区域在环境管理中应实行差别化的管理政策;③东部和中部群组中大部分省份农业生产的共同技术比率呈现增长的趋势,与最佳共同边界技术的差距逐步变小;而西部地区超过一半的省(市)出现了技术退步。     

Analysis of uncertainty consideration in environmental assessment: an empirical study of Canadian EA practice

Identifying and communicating uncertainty is core to effective environmental assessment (EA). This study evaluates the extent to which uncertainties are considered and addressed in Canadian EA practice. We reviewed the environmental protection plans, follow-up programs, and panel reports (where applicable) of 12 EAs between 1995 and 2012. The types of uncertainties and levels of disclosure varied greatly. When uncertainties were acknowledged, practitioners adopted five different approaches to address them. However, uncertainties were never discussed or addressed in depth. We found a lack of suitable terminology and consistency in how uncertainties are disclosed, reflecting the need for explicit guidance, and we present recommendations for improvement. Canadian Environmental Impact Statements are not as transparent with respect to uncertainties as they should be, and uncertainties in EA need to be better considered and communicated.     

Climatic changes and their impact on socio-economic sectors in the Bhutan Himalayas: an implementation strategy

This paper contributes to an enhanced understanding of present climatic conditions, observed climate trends and regional climate vulnerability of the Bhutan Himalayas. Bhutan’s complex, often high-altitude terrain and the severe impact of the Indian summer monsoon leads to a strong exposure of the countries’ key economic sectors (agriculture, forestry, hydropower generation and tourism) to climatic changes. Climate change also threatens Bhutan’s vast biodiversity and increases the likelihood of natural hazards (e.g. glacier lake outburst floods, flash floods, droughts and forest fires). A better understanding of Bhutan’s climate and its variability, as well as observed and possible climate impacts, will help in improving the handling of regional social, economic and ecologic challenges not limited to the Himalayas. Only a few climatological studies exist for the eastern Himalayas. They mainly focus on adaptation to immediate threats by glacier lake outbursts. In contrast, this paper (1) investigates the average spatial and inner-annual diversity of the air temperature regime of Bhutan, based on local meteorological observations, (2) discusses past temperature variability, based on global datasets, and (3) relates effects of observed warming to water availability, hydropower development, natural hazards, forests, biodiversity, agriculture, human health and tourism in the Bhutan Himalayas. Results indicate a large spatial and temporal temperature variability within Bhutan and considerably increasing temperatures especially over recent decades. Implications of regional climatic changes on various socio-economic sectors and possible adaptation efforts are discussed.     

Transforming meadows into free surface water wetlands: Impact of increased nitrate and carbon loading on greenhouse gas production

In a laboratory study we investigated 1) the potential production of nitrous oxide (N₂O), methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) and 2) the effect of nitrate (NO₃^?) and anaerobic N₂O development on CH₄ production in sediment from a recently recreated free surface water wetland (FSWW) and in soil from an adjacent meadow. We designed an experiment where production of greenhouse gases was registered at the time of maximum net development of N₂O. We made additions of biodegradable carbon (glucose) and/or NO₃^? to sediment and soil slurries and incubated them at four temperatures (4, 13, 20, 28 °C). Gas production from both substrates was positively correlated with temperature. We also found that the sediment produced more N₂O than the soil. N₂O production in sediment was NO₃^? limited, whereas in soil carbon availability was lower and only combined additions of NO₃^? and glucose supported increased N₂O development. CH₄ production was generally low and did not differ between soil and sediment. Nor did glucose addition increase CH₄ rates. The results suggest that neither soil nor sediment environment did support development of methanogenic populations. There were no clear effects of NO₃^? on CH₄ production. However, the highest records of CH₄ were found in incubations with low N₂O production, which indicates that N₂O might be toxic to methanogens. In summary, our study showed that transforming meadows into FSWWs implies a risk of increased N₂O emissions. This does not seem to be valid for CH₄. However, since N₂O is almost always produced wherever NO₃^? is denitrified, increased N₂O production in wetlands leads to reduced rates in downstream environments. Hence, we conclude that when balancing NO₃^? retention and global warming aspects, we find no reason to discourage future creation or restoration of wetlands.