我国自然资源的形成和分布

我国是世界大国之一,土地面积约960×10⁴km²,占全球陆地总面积的6.5%,人口超过10亿,约占世界人口总数的23%。在这片辽阔的国土上,自然地理环境复杂多样,自然资源丰富多采,为工农业生产提供了可靠的物质基础。但是,由于人口众多,平均每人占有各种自然资源却较少,一般都低于世界平均数。况且,在我国许多地区,森林的滥伐,水土的流失,土地的退化,环境的污染等方面都已达到了十分严重的程度。因此,如何     

一种新型复合式生物流化反应器混合特性的研究

对新型蜂窝状断面复合生物流化反应器进行了液体循环速率和水力停留时间分布曲线的测定，实验表明新型反应器具有抗冲击负荷强，接近CSTR反应器的特点，反应器随气量增大、载体投加量减少和进水量减少而更近似于CSTR反应器，通过理论分析，证明了影响液体循环速率的参数主要有气体流量(气含率)、反应器沿程和局部阻力系数以及Ad/Ar，并且得出液体循环速率与反应器高度的0．5次方成正比。     

Long-term nitrogen and phosphorus removal,shifts of functional bacteria and fate of resistance genes in bioretention systems under sulfamethoxazole stress

To understand the long-term performance of bioretention systems under sulfamethoxazole (SMX) stress, an unplanted bioretention system (BRS) and two modified BRSs with coconut-shell activated carbon (CAC) and CAC/zero-valent-iron (Fe0) granules (CAC-BRS and Fe/CAC-BRS) were established. Both CAC-BRS and Fe/CAC-BRS significantly outperformed BRS in removing total nitrogen (TN)(CAC-BRS:82.48%; Fe/CAC-BRS:78.08%; BRS:47.51%), total phosphorous (TP)(CAC-BRS:79.36%; Fe/CAC-BRS:98.26%; BRS:41.99%),and...     

沼泽湿地孔隙水中溶解有机碳、氮浓度季节动态及与甲烷排放的关系

选择三江平原典型的毛果苔草沼泽湿地为研究对象,测定了沼泽湿地孔隙水中水溶性碳、氮浓度、CH4浓度和CH4排放通量,以及相关环境因子;研究了沼泽水中水溶性有机碳、氮浓度变化特征,探讨了沼泽湿地孔隙水中CH4浓度和排放通量季节性变化及发生原因.结果表明,三江平原沼泽湿地土壤孔隙水中DOC浓度有明显的季节变化(p＜0.01).最高值(剖面平均值为95.1 mg·L-1)出现在6月份,9和10月份出现最低值(剖面平均值均为79.3 mg·L-1),剖面上浓集中心位于15～30 cm.孔隙水中NH4 -N和NO-3-N浓度也有明显的季节变化,而DON变化不明显.孔隙水中CH4浓度在剖面上的分布特征与DOC一致,高浓度中心位于20～30 cm.除6月份外,孔隙水甲烷浓度与土壤温度和DOC浓度有显著的正相关关系,与NH4 -N和NO3-N均没有显著相关性.土壤温度和孔隙水中DOC浓度是影响沼泽湿地产CH4能力的重要因素.CH4排放通量与土壤温度和积水深度呈很好的指数关系,与剖面CH4浓度和孔隙水NH4 -N浓度有显著的正相关关系.CH4排放通量与孔隙水DOC浓度相关性不显著.     

THE CLIMATO-ECOLOGICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF THE “MANMADE COMMUNITIES” OF TROPICAL PERENNIAL CROPS ON HAINAN ISLAND, CHINA

<正> According to the leading national classification of the climate of China, given by B. Huang (revised version 1986), Hainan falls into the tropical climatic realm, subdivided into a "peripheral tropical" type for the northern part and a "middle tropical" type for the southern part of the island. While all-year-round frost-free conditions define the tropics in general, the 20t-isotherm for the coldest month represents the boundary between the peripheral tropical and middle tropical types. Compared to the tropical climate in general, Hainan experiences distinctly lower winter temperatures which thus result in a larger annual temperature variation. In terms of precipitation, Hainan records a long rainy season through the southwest monsoon and typhoon seasons from May until October while winter precipitation is comparably lower. Representing two agroclimatic hazards, strong typhoon winds and cold waves seriously affect Hainan. Although to be defined as "marginal tropica-1", the climatic conditions on Hainan     

昆明-楚雄-大理-丽江地区地震软风险区划实例

应用云南省昆明市、楚雄州、大理州、丽江市1900—2000年这100年内M≥5．0的地震记录资料，对该地区的地震灾害软风险区划进行了实例分析。结果表明，软风险区划图是以带有“层”结构的地图形式表述风险评估结果的，而“层”是根据可能性水平来划分的。因此，软风险区划图对分析结果的表述，不仅能对风险分析提供更多的信息，而且能提供风险值可信度的信息，从而使风险图“服务信息”丰富化。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙尘暴特征--以塔中地区为例

塔克拉玛干沙漠是中国油气开发的重要区域，沙尘暴是该区域重要的灾害性天气，但以往相关的研究很少。为了了解塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙尘暴的发生规律，利用塔中气象站1997-2002年的气象资料，对塔中地区沙尘暴的强度、过程、类型和时间变化等特征进行了分析。研究结果表明：（1）塔中年平均沙尘暴日数为16．83d，较沙漠北缘的轮台和沙漠南缘的民丰、和田为多，体现出沙尘源对沙尘暴发生的影响；（2）沙尘暴发生之前出现明显的风速突然降低和风向转换；（3）同塔里木盆地其它区域一样，塔中沙尘暴也可分为5种类型，其主导类型为冷空气东灌型；（4）沙尘暴时间变化规律明显，且从20世纪90年代至21世纪初，塔中沙尘暴日数与持时明显下降，同全疆的变化趋势一致。     

A method to the impact assessment of the returning grazing land to grassland project on regional eco-environmental vulnerability

The Chinese government has conducted the Returning Grazing Land to Grassland Project (RGLGP) across large portions of grasslands from western China since 2003. In order to explore and understand the impact in the grassland's eco-environment during the RGLGP, we utilized Projection Pursuit Model (PPM) and Geographic Information System (GIS) to develop a spatial assessment model to examine the ecological vulnerability of the grassland. Our results include five indications: (1) it is practical to apply the spatial PPM on ecological vulnerability assessment for the grassland. This methodology avoids creating an artificial hypothesis, thereby providing objective results that successfully execute a multi-index assessment process and analysis under non-linear systems in eco-environments; (2) the spatial PPM is not only capable of evaluating regional eco-environmental vulnerability in a quantitative way, but also can quantitatively demonstrate the degree of effect in each evaluation index for regional eco-environmental vulnerability; (3) the eco-environment of the Xianshui River Basin falls into the medium range level. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and land use cover and change (LUCC) crucially influence the Xianshui River Basin's eco-environmental vulnerability. Generally, in the Xianshui River Basin, regional eco-environmental conditions improved during 2000 and 2010. The RGLGP positively affected NDVI and LUCC structure, thereby promoting the enhancement of the regional eco-environment; (4) the Xianshui River Basin divides its ecological vulnerability across different levels; therefore our study investigates three ecological regions and proposes specific suggestions for each in order to assist in eco-environmental protection and rehabilitation; and lastly that (5) the spatial PPM established by this study has the potential to be applied on all types of grassland eco-environmental vulnerability assessments under the RGLGP and under the similar conditions in the Returning Agriculture Land to Forest Project (RALFP). However, when establishing an eco-environmental vulnerability assessment model, it is necessary to choose suitable evaluation indexes in accordance with regional eco-environmental characteristics.     

Climatic and environmental change in the Karakoram: making sense of community perceptions and adaptation strategies

In this paper, we investigate how mountain communities perceive and adapt to climatic and environmental change. Primary data were collected at community and household level through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and quantitative questionnaires covering 210 households in six villages of the West Karakoram (Hundur and Darkut in the Yasin Valley; Hussainabad, Altit, Gulmit, and Shiskat in the Hunza valley of Gilgit-Baltistan). The relevance of the area with respect to our scopes is manifold. First, this is one of the most extreme and remote mountainous areas of the world, characterized by complex and fragile institutional and social fabrics. Second, this region is one of the focal points of research for the hydro-meteo-climatological scientific community, because of its relevance in terms of storage and variability of water resources for the whole Indus basin, and for the presence of conflicting signals of climate change with respect to the neighboring regions. Third, the extreme hardships due to a changing environment, as well as to the volatility of the social and economic conditions are putting great stress on the local population. As isolating climate change as a single driver is often not possible, community perceptions of change are analyzed in the livelihood context and confronted with multi-drivers scenarios affecting the lives of mountain people. We compare the collected perceptions with the available hydro-climatological data, trying to answer some key questions such as: how are communities perceiving, coping with, and adapting to climatic and environmental change? Which are the most resorted adaptation strategies? How is their perception of change influencing the decision to undertake certain adaptive measures?     

An interdisciplinary review of current and future approaches to improving human–predator relations

In a world of shrinking habitats and increasing competition for natural resources, potentially dangerous predators bring the challenges of coexisting with wildlife sharply into focus. Through interdisciplinary collaboration among authors trained in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences, we reviewed current approaches to mitigating adverse human–predator encounters and devised a vision for future approaches to understanding and mitigating such encounters. Limitations to current approaches to mitigation include too much focus on negative impacts; oversimplified equating of levels of damage with levels of conflict; and unsuccessful technical fixes resulting from failure to engage locals, address hidden costs, or understand cultural (nonscientific) explanations of the causality of attacks. An emerging interdisciplinary literature suggests that to better frame and successfully mitigate negative human–predator relations conservation professionals need to consider dispensing with conflict as the dominant framework for thinking about human–predator encounters; work out what conflicts are really about (they may be human–human conflicts); unravel the historical contexts of particular conflicts; and explore different cultural ways of thinking about animals. The idea of cosmopolitan natures may help conservation professionals think more clearly about human–predator relations in both local and global context. These new perspectives for future research practice include a recommendation for focused interdisciplinary research and the use of new approaches, including human‐animal geography, multispecies ethnography, and approaches from the environmental humanities notably environmental history. Managers should think carefully about how they engage with local cultural beliefs about wildlife, work with all parties to agree on what constitutes good evidence, develop processes and methods to mitigate conflicts, and decide how to monitor and evaluate these. Demand for immediate solutions that benefit both conservation and development favors dispute resolution and technical fixes, which obscures important underlying drivers of conflicts. If these drivers are not considered, well‐intentioned efforts focused on human–wildlife conflicts will fail.