A possible in situ 3H and 3He source in Earth’s interior: an alternative explanation of origin of 3He in deep Earth

Origin of ³He in the Earth is a mystery. Lacking a production mechanism, scientists assume ³He was trapped in the Earth, when the Earth was formed. In contrast to this assumption, we have found ³He and ³H concentrations in excess of the atmospheric values in the deep waters of the volcanic Lakes Pavin (France), Laacher (Germany) and Nemrut (Turkey). This paper reports the result of finding ³H in these three volcanic lakes that appear to originate from the mantle. Because ³H has a half-life of 12.3 years, this ³H and the resulting ³He must have formed recently in the mantle and not be part of a primordial reservoir. The nuclear reactions that generate tritium might be a source of “missing” energy in the interior of the Earth.     

Evaluation of secondary organic aerosol formation in winter

Three different methods are used to predict secondary organic aerosol (SOA) concentrations in the San Joaquin Valley of California during the winter of 1995–1996 [Integrated Monitoring Study, (IMS95)]. The first of these methods estimates SOA by using elemental carbon as a tracer of primary organic carbon. The second method relies on a Lagrangian trajectory model that simulates the formation, transport, and deposition of secondary organic aerosol. The model includes a recently developed gas–particle partitioning mechanism. Results from both methods are in good agreement with the chemical speciation of organic aerosol during IMS95 and suggest that most of the OC measured during IMS95 is of primary origin. Under suitable conditions (clear skies, low winds, low mixing heights) as much as 15–20 μg C m⁻³ of SOA can be produced, mainly due to oxidation of aromatics. The low mixing heights observed during the winter in the area allow accumulation of SOA precursors and the acceleration of SOA formation. Clouds and fog slow down the production of secondary compounds, reducing their concentrations by a factor of two or three from the above maximum levels. In addition, it appears that there is significant diurnal variation of SOA concentration. A strong dependence of SOA concentrations on temperature is observed, along with the existence of an optimal temperature for SOA formation.     

LAND TREATMENT OF PRODUCED OILY SAND: FIELD RESULTS

Land treatment techniques successfully treated oily waste generated during the production of crude oil. Over 13 years of safe operations have demonstrated the environmental acceptability of the method. Natural biodegradation processes removed nearly 80% of the applied waste oil. The oily fraction of the waste had an average half-life in the soil of approximately 3 years, with significant variability between years. There was a slight increase in the proportion of heavy hydrocarbons (resins and asphaltenes) in the soil, suggesting the preferential degradation of the lighter constituents. Metals of environmental concern did not accumulate in, or migrate from, the plowzone of the soil.     

Distribution and attenuation of hazardous substances in uncontrolled solid waste landfills

The distribution, concentrations in various phases, attenuation and emissions of hazardous substances in Finnish municipal and industrial mixed-waste landfills were investigated in a 5 year field study. Pronounced irregular spatial variation in substance concentrations was observed within, and especially between, the sites. Most frequency distributions of contaminant concentrations in the fills were skewed toward small values. Related norms or reference values were occasionally exceeded. The attenuation of contaminants in the various phases within and around landfills varied according to the substance and site, reflecting retention and removal mechanisms. Lead and zinc were the most easily leached heavy metals in old landfills. The concentration distributions of toxicants in waterborne emissions were dominated by small values, but the maxima exceeded drinking water norms by up to 400 times. In municipal landfill gas, some halomethane concentrations (100 mg Nm⁻³) exceeded air quality norms. The estimates of contaminant fluxes were minor compared with, for example, industrial emissions. The overall toxic impacts of Finnish landfills thus seem relatively small, but may be important locally and require further study and caution. Associated issues in disposal risk assessment and management are briefly discussed.     

外源Cl-添加对不同母质土壤溶液Cd2+浓度的影响

土壤镉(Cd)的环境行为与其在土壤溶液中的存在形态以及陪伴离子有关,然而外源Cl~-与土壤溶液中Cd~(2+)的关系以及不同母质土壤对Cd~(2+)的环境行为的影响并没有明确的结论.选取2种水稻土(第四纪红色黏土母质发育的红黄泥、紫色砂页岩母质发育的紫泥田)为研究对象,添加离子态外源Cd~(2+)(0、1、2.5、5 mg·kg~(-1)),平衡老化后添加外源Cl~-(0、0.6、1.2 mg·kg~(-1)),在保持水分恒定的情况下进行模拟培养试验,研究外源Cl~-添加对土壤溶液Cd~(2+)浓度的影响.结果表明,随着外源Cd~(2+)的增加,土壤溶液Cd~(2+)的浓度提高,红黄泥土壤溶液Cd~(2+)的浓度显著高于紫泥田;添加Cl~-会使土壤溶液中Cd~(2+)浓度升高,且Cd~(2+)浓度与外源Cl~-呈显著正相关,红黄泥和紫泥田土壤溶液中Cd~(2+)的平均浓度比不添加Cl~-时Cd~(2+)的平均浓度分别增加了12.74%、51.49%;土壤对Cd~(2+)的吸附关系符合Freundlich等温吸附方程,紫泥田对Cd~(2+)的吸附量显著高于红黄泥,添加Cl~-对红黄泥Cd~(2+)的吸附影响很小,而对紫泥田的影响显著.Cl~-存在下,红黄泥和紫泥田的解吸率分别为12.50%～19.25%、14.76%～24.99%,外源Cl~-添加对Cd~(2+)解吸影响小.综合分析认为,Cl~-对不同土壤Cd~(2+)的吸附解吸行为影响有较大的差异.     

高效纤维素降解菌分离筛选、复合菌系构建及秸秆降解效果分析

从川西高原贡嘎山区杜鹃林下土壤中分离纤维素降解菌,构建具有高效降解纤维素能力的复合菌系,并对秸秆降解效果进行分析,为农业废弃物的循环利用提供菌种资源和理论依据.样品及经风干、高温等预处理后,采用平板涂布法进行分离,共获得79株菌株;通过刚果红实验对分离获得的菌株进行初步筛选,运用DNS法测定各菌株的羧甲基纤维素酶活(Carboxymethyl cellulase,CMCase),复筛得到15株具有CMCase活能力的菌株.经滤纸条崩解实验、秸秆崩解实验及降解率测定,最终确定了各菌株的纤维素降解能力,进一步经拮抗实验,选取相互无拮抗的菌株构建5个复合菌系:A(112、146、156、171),B(145、147、150、153),C(110、116、174),D(147、154、171),E(145、146、150、152、153).复合菌系的滤纸酶活(Fpase)与秸秆降解率测定结果显示,组合C对秸秆的降解率较单菌株116提高了50.71%,组合D对秸秆的降解率较单菌株154提高了41.54%.经形态学和分子生物学鉴定,纤维素降解能力比较好的两个组合中的菌株分别被鉴定为类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus sp.)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter sp.)以及链霉菌属(Streptomyces sp.).本研究表明,复合菌系纤维素降解能力优于单一菌株,C、D两组复合菌系表现出较高的纤维素降解能力,具有进一步开发的价值.     

Cd胁迫下杂交水稻对Cd的吸收及其动态变化

镉（Cd）是非必需的有毒元素,是农业环境和农产品的重要污染物,易被水稻吸收并在籽粒中积累。不同水稻品种拥有不同的独特基因,导致水稻籽粒吸收积累Cd的能力存在一定的差异。因此,开展不同水稻品种耐Cd特性及其不同生育期的吸收转运效率研究具有重要意义。本文采用水培试验,研究了两个水稻（Oryza sativa L.）品种：D83A/R527（低吸收累积Cd）和辐优838（高吸收累积Cd）在不同质量浓度Cd胁迫下籽粒Cd质量分数及不同生育时期水稻根、茎、叶内Cd的吸收积累量及其动态变化特点。结果表明,两种水稻品种在Cd胁迫下籽粒Cd积累量差异显著,辐优838在1.0 mg·L^-1 Cd质量浓度胁迫下籽粒Cd质量分数就已超过国家食品卫生标准;在1.0~3.0 mg·L^-1 Cd质量浓度胁迫下,D83A/R527籽粒内Cd质量分数仅为辐优838的50~60%。随着Cd处理浓度增加和生育时期推进,两种水稻各部位Cd吸收量均表现为逐渐增加,其增加幅度总体表现为：辐优838〉D83A/R527;不同部位中,根的积累效应最强,叶片吸收积累能力最低,辐优838茎、叶吸收积累效率分别是D83A/R527的1.5~2.0倍左右。在1.0~3.0mg·L^-1 Cd胁迫下,水稻Cd积累差异较为显著的时期为灌浆期,辐优838的根系向茎、叶的转移效率大于D83A/R527,且D83A/R527主要表现为由根系向茎Cd转移效率较高,叶片Cd积累相对较少。灌浆期是水稻籽粒干物质积累的重要时期,也是吸收累积Cd的重要时期,这为筛选低吸收积累水稻品种和调控Cd在水稻籽粒中的吸收累积奠定了重要理论基础。     

我国主稻作区稻谷镉和铅含量及其分布特征

收集我国6个主稻作区代表性稻谷样品120份,采用原子吸收光谱法测定Cd、Pb含量,分析各地区各品种稻谷及其加工产物Cd、Pb含量差异,探讨Cd、Pb在稻谷、精米、米糠和米糠油中的分布规律.结果表明,我国主稻作区稻谷、精米、米糠和米糠油中Cd平均含量分别为(0.116 ±0.057)、(0.089 ±0.413)、(0.149±0.069)和(0.111±0.043) mg·kg-1,且华中稻作区、华南稻作区、华北稻作区、西北稻作区、东北稻作区和西南稻作区稻谷及其加工产物Cd平均含量依次降低;稻谷、精米、米糠和米糠油中Pb平均含量分别为(0.232±0.105)、(0.125±0.061)、(0.301±0.142)和(0.089±0.024) mg· kg-1,华中稻作区、华南稻作区、西北稻作区、华北稻作区、东北稻作区和西南稻作区稻谷及其加工产物Pb平均含量依次降低.米糠、稻谷、米糠油和精米中Cd平均含量依次降低,米糠、稻谷、精米和米糠油中Pb平均含量依次降低,稻谷加工为精米,Cd去除率为(9.40±1.46)％,Pb去除率为(36.03±1.15)％,米糠加工为米糠原油,其Cd和Pb残留率分别为(62.43±2.00)％和(31.24±0.63)％.     

Perceptions of small-scale fishermen on the value of marine resources and protected areas: case of Claveria,Northern Philippines

Establishing marine protected areas (MPAs) helps to restore and sustain marine and fishery resources, but in the Philippines only 20% of total MPAs are achieving their management objectives. We conducted a case study of a small MPA in Northern Philippines to understand socio-economic status and livelihoods of the fishermen stakeholders, and examine their attitudes and perceptions on marine resource values and conservation. Using an ordered probit model, we also investigated factors affecting these perceptions. We found a lower fish income ratio in higher income quartiles, a small share of local non-fishery income, and an apparent lack of other livelihood opportunities within the rural economy. The majority of fishermen had positive perceptions of the non-market value of marine resources, agreed with the need for MPAs, and perceived positive potential income benefit from MPAs. Level of education and fishing income were consistent significant positive determinants of these perceptions. Policy implications suggest: involving likely-to-be-displaced reef fishers in the crafting of management plans; conducting intensive research on appropriate and feasible livelihood options, for example, marine culture technologies; and designing explicit strategies to increase the propensity of coastal households to invest in children's education as a strategy for long-term sustainability of resource management.     

海拔及细胞质背景对水稻测交群体遗传分化的影响

温度是导致水稻（Oryza sativa L.）遗传分化的一个重要环境因素,而海拔是导致环境温度差异的一个重要的地理因素。水稻的雄配子即花粉粒的活性极易受环境温度的影响。研究用来自云南2 670 m海拔的粳稻地方品种小麻谷与具籼稻细胞质背景的籼粳交后代品系南34正反交产生的F1,然后将其分布种植在海拔高低相差达1 800 m的4个海拔点并与育性稳定的1个滇Ⅰ型细胞质不育系杂交产生了8个测交群体,用SSR标记检测发现海拔因素和细胞质背景都对测交群体的遗传分化产生了影响。结果表明：同一海拔产生的正反交群体（合系42A//小麻谷/南34）间的遗传多样性具有比较明显的差异。正交组合F1（小麻谷×南34）在1 860 m的海拔产生的群体的遗传多样性最高,在1 600 m的海拔产生的群体的遗传多样性最低。在反交组合F1产生的群体中,群体的遗传多样性随产生群体海拔（400 m海拔除外）的升高而降低。利用Nei′s遗传距离评价各群体间的遗传分化,正反交组合F1产生测交群体间的遗传分化均高于同一组合在不同海拔下产生的测交群体之间的遗传分化,同一组合在4个海拔产生的测交群体间的遗传分化总体趋势是随海拔差异的增加而增大。研究证实了环境温度差异及细胞质背景导致F1产生的雄配子基因型发生选择,导致雄配子基因型的遗传比例偏离孟德尔规律,影响其后代群体的遗传多样性和遗传分化。