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61.
62.
《Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics》1992,26(9):1651-1660
Theory is developed to describe how the transfer of gas across an air-water interface may be influenced by the simultaneous transfer of a different gas with which it interacts through acid-base reactions. The theory is applied to the problem of NH3 loss from lowland rice-field flood water as influenced by the simultaneous loss fo CO2. It uses a two-thin-layer model of the interface and describes the diffusion and reaction of gases and dissolved species, and of acids and bases that move in response to the pH changes that result from gas diffusion and reaction. Reaction kinetics are allowed for. In the rice-field system, NH3 loss tends to make the solution more acidic, whereas CO2 loss makes it more alkaline. Over the range of conditions found in rice fields, NH3 loss may be limited by diffusion in both air and solution; CO2 loss is always limited by diffusion in solution. When the equilibration between CO2 species is uncatalysed, acidification resulting from NH3 loss dominates alkalinization resulting from CO2 loss, and the pH at the air-water boundary may be as much as one unit lower than that in the bulk solution. But in the presence of carbonic anhydrase, the situation is reversed and the boundary pH may be considerably greater than that in the bulk, especially at high CO2 pressures. 相似文献
63.
《Waste management & research》1993,11(2):155-170
A cross-linked polyacrylate polymer, referred to as absorbent gelling material (AGM), has been developed for use in hygiene paper products, such as infant diapers (nappies). The fate and effects of this polymer were studied in laboratory models of landfill and aerobic composting. Radiolabelled (14C) AGM was used to facilitate determination of fate and mass balance. Tests were conducted in 1201 reactors containing a mixture of solid waste and compost or solid waste only, and panty diaper pads. Controlled temperature and leachate recycle were used to accelerate the biological processes. AGM caused no adverse effects and most of the material remained associated with the diaper pad and surrounding waste. Very little AGM (less than 1%) biodegraded to CO2/CH4 under landfill conditions, while 2-4% appeared in leachate. The leachate was highly biodegradable aerobically. More of the AGM (6.4%) biodegraded to CO2/CH4 under aerobic composting conditions, while less than 1% appeared in leachate. 相似文献
64.
65.
《Journal of Safety Research》1997,28(2):83-95
While it seems rational to assume that crash involvement risk and outcome are influenced by the way one drives, nevertheless there is continuing controversy over the validity of certain categories of traffic law infractions as true measures of such behavior. Specifically, does the accumulation of tickets for speeding identify drivers as high risk for becoming culpably involved in speed-related crashes? Further, does a proclivity for exhibiting speeding behavior in the presence of police translate into a greater risk for involvement in high-severity collisions?The research reported in this paper attempted to address these issues. Several years of crash and conviction data were utilized to examine
- 1.(a) the risk of culpable crash involvement by severity of outcome during a 2-year period following 3 years of conviction record,
- 2.(b) the degree to which an increasing level of speeding convictions per driver relates to an increasing propensity for speed to be a factor in drivers' crash involvements.
66.
67.
《Process Safety and Environmental Protection》2014,92(1):70-79
The increase in GHG concentration has a direct effect on global climate conditions. Among the possible technologies to mitigate GHG emissions, CCS is being accepted to gain emission reduction. Such technology also involves cryogenic CO2 capture processes based on CO2 freeze-out or where the formation of solid CO2 must be avoided. Captured CO2 is usually transported in pipelines for the reinjection.The risk associated to the release of CO2 is due to the changing temperatures and pressures the system may experience, which can lead to the deposition of solid CO2 where it must be avoided. Prolonged exposure to dry ice can cause severe skin damage and its resublimation could pose a danger of hypercapnia. It is, thus, necessary to build up a tool able to predict the conditions in which CO2 can freeze-out.A thermodynamic methodology based on cubic EoSs has been developed which is able to predict solid–liquid–vapor equilibrium of CO2 mixtures with n-alkanes or H2S which are usually found in equipment for acidic gas, mainly natural gas, treatment.The focus is a detailed analysis of the method performances when more than two components are present since, for such a case, literature does not provide significant modeling results. 相似文献
68.
《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2005,39(16):2995-2999
Vertical plume meandering of gaseous pollutant is commonly experienced in the daytime atmospheric boundary layer (also know as convective boundary layer, CBL) that arose from the complicated interaction between buoyancy-generated turbulence and gravitational force. It leads to rapid pollutant mixing that cannot be accurately modeled by conventional Gaussian plume model. In the light of explaining the mechanism of plume rises and descents in CBLs, this study employs a direct numerical simulation (DNS) technique to compute the plume behaviors for pollutant emitted from line sources placed parallel to the spanwise direction in an unstably stratified turbulent open channel flow. The DNS results show that the plume meandering is due to the domination of uni-directional mean vertical pollutant fluxes above and below the mean plume height. 相似文献
69.
70.
Photoreactions of the herbicide bromoxynil (3,5‐dibromo‐4‐hydroxybenzonitrile) (1) were extensively studied in water containing various concentrations of sodium nitrite with radiation of wavelengths around 313 nm. In the absence of NaNO2, the quantum yields for the photodecomposition of the herbicide I amounted to 0.054±0.005, while such data was in the range of 0.047 ±0.005 to 0.023 ±0.003 in the presence of 0.5 to 25.0 × 10‐3 m of the inorganic salt. These quantum yield data for the phototransformation of 1 without and with the presence of sodium nitrite followed the Stern‐Volmer equation. The rates of the photolytic destruction of bromoxynil (1) in water were slower in the presence than in the absence of NaNO2. For example, the irradiation of the 7.8 x 10‐6M aqueous solution of 1 in the presence of 10 mM sodium nitrite gave rise to the production of three main photoproducts, viz., 3‐bromo‐4‐hydroxy‐5‐nitrobenzonitrile (2), 4‐hydroxy‐3‐nitrobenzonitrile (3), and an “unidentified photoproduct”; 4. In the case of this photoreaction of compound 1, the percentages of maximum concentration of the photoproducts 2, 3, and 4 were achieved after 14, 44.5, and 60‐min photolyses of 1, respectively; the starting material 1 completely disappeared after 60‐min photolysis. The photoproducts 2 and 3 were identified through the interpretation of the GC‐MS data. Both thhe mass and FT‐IR spectra of the product 4 indicated the possible presence of a COOH group in 4. 相似文献