Trajectory analysis of acid deposition data from the new jersey pine barrens

This research provides an example of the application of a simple method for evaluating regional interrelationships using air parcel trajectory analysis. An assessment of trajectories associated with storms affecting McDonald's Branch watershed (39°50′N, 74°30′W) is presented. A simple classification system is used to examine regional contributions of acid precursors. The results of the work suggest that major regional sources of acid precursor emissions dominated precipitation acidity for the Pine Barrens region from 1978 to 1981. An incremental approach to acid precipitation policy is suggested.     

Quantifying road dust resuspension in urban environment by Multilinear Engine: A comparison with PMF2

Atmospheric PM pollution from traffic comprises not only direct emissions but also non-exhaust emissions because resuspension of road dust that can produce high human exposure to heavy metals, metalloids, and mineral matter. A key task for establishing mitigation or preventive measures is estimating the contribution of road dust resuspension to the atmospheric PM mixture. Several source apportionment studies, applying receptor modeling at urban background sites, have shown the difficulty in identifying a road dust source separately from other mineral sources or vehicular exhausts. The Multilinear Engine (ME-2) is a computer program that can solve the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) problem. ME-2 uses a programming language permitting the solution to be guided toward some possible targets that can be derived from a priori knowledge of sources (chemical profile, ratios, etc.). This feature makes it especially suitable for source apportionment studies where partial knowledge of the sources is available.In the present study ME-2 was applied to data from an urban background site of Barcelona (Spain) to quantify the contribution of road dust resuspension to PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 concentrations. Given that recently the emission profile of local resuspended road dust was obtained (Amato, F., Pandolfi, M., Viana, M., Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Moreno, T., 2009. Spatial and chemical patterns of PM₁₀ in road dust deposited in urban environment. Atmospheric Environment 43 (9), 1650–1659), such a priori information was introduced in the model as auxiliary terms of the object function to be minimized by the implementation of the so-called “pulling equations”.ME-2 permitted to enhance the basic PMF solution (obtained by PMF2) identifying, beside the seven sources of PMF2, the road dust source which accounted for 6.9 μg m^?3 (17%) in PM₁₀, 2.2 μg m^?3 (8%) of PM_2.5 and 0.3 μg m^?3 (2%) of PM₁. This reveals that resuspension was responsible of the 37%, 15% and 3% of total traffic emissions respectively in PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and PM₁. Therefore the overall traffic contribution resulted in 18 μg m^?3 (46%) in PM₁₀, 14 μg m^?3 (51%) in PM_2.5 and 8 μg m^?3 (48%) in PM₁. In PMF2 this mass explained by road dust resuspension was redistributed among the rest of sources, increasing mostly the mineral, secondary nitrate and aged sea salt contributions.     

Hydrologic Controls on Nitrogen and Phosphorous Dynamics in Relict Oxbow Wetlands Adjacent to an Urban Restored Stream

Although wetlands are known to be sinks for nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), their function in urban watersheds remains unclear. We analyzed water and nitrate (NO₃^?) and phosphate (PO₄^3?) dynamics during precipitation events in two oxbow wetlands that were created during geomorphic stream restoration in Baltimore County, Maryland that varied in the nature and extent of connectivity to the adjacent stream. Oxbow 1 (Ox1) received 1.6‐4.2% and Oxbow 2 (Ox2) received 4.2‐7.4% of cumulative streamflow during storm events from subsurface seepage (Ox1) and surface flow (Ox2). The retention time of incoming stormwater ranged from 0.2 to 6.7 days in Ox1 and 1.8 to 4.3 days in Ox2. Retention rates in the wetlands ranged from 0.25 to 2.74 g N/m²/day in Ox1 and 0.29 to 1.94 g N/m²/day in Ox2. Percent retention of the NO₃^?‐N load that entered the wetlands during the storm events ranged from 64 to 87% and 23 to 26%, in Ox1 and Ox2, respectively. During all four storm events, Ox1 and Ox2 were a small net source of dissolved PO₄^3? to the adjacent stream (i.e., more P exited than entered the wetland), releasing P at a rate of 0.23‐20.83 mg P/m²/day and 3.43‐24.84 mg P/m²/day, respectively. N and P removal efficiency of the oxbows were regulated by hydrologic connectivity, hydraulic loading, and retention time. Incidental oxbow wetlands have potential to receive urban stream and storm flow and to be significant N sinks, but they may be sources of P in urban watersheds.     

西北少数民族地区人地关系演变动态仿真研究——以甘南州为例

文章立足于人地关系理论,利用系统动态模型方法,构建人地关系演变动态仿真模型,以甘南州为例,对西北少数民族地区人地系统演进规律进行仿真模拟研究,旨在描述该区人地关系演变过程中可能出现的情景,为该区协调人地关系走向可持续发展提供理论依据。模拟结果表明:甘南州人地关系处于失调状态,人地矛盾突出,表现出不可持续的态势。加快转变经济发展方式,降低经济增长对自然资源的依赖程度,可以有效延缓资源枯竭的速度,对人地系统向可持续发展演进具有积极的推动作用,是协调甘南州人地关系走向可持续发展的必然选择。加快技术进步和加大环保投资对协调甘南州人地关系具有显著的推进作用。严格控制人口数量,提高人口素质,才能有效协调人地关系。     

兰州城区大气PM2.5污染特征及来源解析

为探究兰州城区PM_(2.5)的污染特征及其来源,分别在兰州市城关区和西固区设置PM_(2.5)采样点,于2013年10月(非采暖期)和12月(采暖期)采集样品并进行分析,得到了PM_(2.5)及其16种化学组成的质量浓度.结果表明,兰州城区PM_(2.5)污染水平较高,平均质量浓度为129μg·m~(-3).样品无机元素平均质量浓度为:SCaFeAlMgPbZnMnTiCu,其中S、Ca、Fe、Al的质量浓度在1μg·m~(-3)以上,是主要元素组分;样品各无机元素质量浓度表现为采暖期高于非采暖期,城关区高于西固区.样品水溶性离子平均质量浓度为:SO~(2-)_4NO~-_3NH~+_4Cl~-K~+Na~+,其中SO~(2-)_4、NO~-_3、NH~+_4的质量浓度在10μg·m~(-3)以上,是主要离子组分;样品各水溶性离子质量浓度表现为采暖期高于非采暖期,西固区高于城关区.富集因子(EF)分析结果表明,元素Al、Ca、Mg、Ti的EF值均小于1以自然来源为主;元素Cu、Pb、S、Zn的EF值显著大于10,表明这4种元素在PM_(2.5)中高度富集,且主要源于人为活动造成的污染.主成分分析结果表明,交通排放源、生物质燃烧源、土壤源和二次粒子对兰州城区大气PM_(2.5)贡献显著.     

基于GIS的黄土高原小流域土壤水分时空分布模拟——以定西安家沟为例

土壤水是黄土高原生态环境的主控因素,进行土壤水时空分布的模拟对黄土丘陵区农业生产、植被恢复和土地合理利用及配置具有重要的指导意义。从水量平衡的角度出发,采用GIS软件Arc/Info的GRID数据结构,对定西县安家沟小流域影响土壤水分时空分布的要素:降雨、径流和蒸散(发)进行了空间分布的模拟,并利用实测土壤水分数据进行检验,合格率达到83.146%。结果表明,利用水量平衡原理并对参数进行一定的化简进行黄土高原土壤水分的模拟是可行的。     

高浓度苯酚的MFC降解及产电性能

以铁氰化钾溶液作为电子受体,在阴阳两极室中分别填充石墨颗粒的基础上构建了填料型微生物燃料电池(Microbial Fuel cell,MFC),研究了苯酚为单一燃料和苯酚 葡萄糖为混合燃料条件下MFC的产电特性以及对苯酚和COD的去除效果.在1OOOΩ外电阻条件下,1000mg·L-1苯酚为单一燃料运行时,MFC在苯酚去除率达到约90%时输出电压达到最大值,最大输出电压为540mV,产电曲线存在单一极大值;以1000 mg·L-1苯酚 500 mg·L-1葡萄糖为混合燃料运行时,最大输出电压可达657mV,产电曲线存在2个峰值,第1峰值和第2峰值出现时对应的苯酚去除率分别约为20%和90%.混合燃料运行条件下,前后2个产电峰值出现时MFC的最大体积(面积)功率密度分别为28.3w·m-3(342.OmW·m-2)和12.6 w·m-3(152.2mW·m-2),内阻分别为194Ω和246Ω.在2种燃料情形下,MFC对苯酚和COD的去除率均可在60h之内分别达到95%和90%以上.试验结果表明,MFC能够利用高浓度苯酚作为燃料,在实现高效降解的同时稳定地向外输出电能,这为酚类难降解有机物的高效低耗处理提供了新的研究思路.     

Material consumption in the healthcare sector: Strategies to reduce its impact on climate change—The case of Region Scania in South Sweden

The healthcare sector constitutes a major part of the economy of developed nations and consumes significant quantities of consumables. The Region Scania commissioned IIIEE, Lund University, to develop a management tool for strategic decision-making in order to reduce the climate impact indirectly derived from material consumption. The tool was streamlined to fit operational conditions at Region Scania and used to study four consumables to obtain a figure on their emissions of CO₂ from a life cycle perspective. Strategies to reduce the impact on climate derived from consumption were studied and recommended to Region Scania. It was concluded that considerable reductions of the impact on climate change could be achieved by implementing good housekeeping in working routines and by addressing green purchasing to prevent inefficient consumption patterns.     

Diurnal lipid and mucus production in the staghorn coral Acropora acuminata

Net ¹⁴C-accumulation into lipids of Acropora acuminata was rapid and increased with light intensity. Dark ¹⁴C-incorporation was less than 1% noon maximum. Structural lipids were the first radioactively labelled lipid types showing linear ¹⁴C-uptake kinetics. Storage lipids showed non-linear, power-curve kinetics for ¹⁴C-uptake. The rate of ¹⁴C-incorporation into triglycerides and wax esters was maximal during early afternoon and at midday, respectively. Electron microscopic evidence is given for zooxanthellae being primary sites for synthesis of lipids which are exuded from chloroplasts and transferred to animal tissues. Free lipid droplets and crystalline inclusions (wax ester) were common in animal tissues, the inclusions being often associated with mucus-producing cells. The diurnal rate of mucus production was constant. However, ¹⁴C-mucus-lipid production showed a light-dependent diurnal pattern and accounted for 60 to 90% total ¹⁴C of mucus during periods of photosynthetically-saturating light. Here, ¹⁴C was primarily associated with wax esters which were always present in the mucus-lipid. ¹⁴C-triglycerides occur in mucus released only during the day. Lipid and mucus synthesis is discussed in relation to the carbon budget of A. acuminata, in which mucus represented a loss of 40% net C fixation.