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31.
MICHAEL A. SCHUETT 《Environmental management》1997,21(2):239-246
/ This study intended to explore the perceptions of mountain bikingmanagement through a mail survey of state park directors in all 50 states.With a 100% response rate, it was found that 47 states permit mountainbiking in their state parks, however, few state parks have formalized plansto manage this outdoor activity. The management policies that do exist arenot followed on a statewide basis but vary within each state and at eachstate park. Many states have worked cooperatively with local mountain bikingclubs to develop and maintain mountain bike trails, promote rider education,and provide volunteer patrols on trails. The issue of user conflict surfacedwith almost three-fourths of the managers responding that conflict existedbetween mountain bikers and other trail users. This preliminary study shouldprompt further research with on-site managers focusing on the use ofmanagement plans for mountain biking, cooperation between managers and usergroups, and user conflict. It is recommended that an Internet-basedinformation clearinghouse or discussion group be made available to landmanagers by a national bicycling organization.KEY WORDS: Mountain biking; State parks; State park directors;Recreation resource management 相似文献
32.
RONALD R. SCHNABEL JOHN A. SHAFFER WILLIAM L. STOUT LEONARD F. CORNISH 《Environmental management》1997,21(2):283-290
/ Denitrification in riparian ecosystems can reduce the amount ofnitrogen transported from farm fields to streams. In this study, we examinedenitrification in four riparian ecosystems common to the Valley and Ridgephysiographic province in Pennsylvania, USA. The sites exhibit differentvegetation, are underlain by different rock types, and are downgradient offarm fields. Mean site denitrification rates ranging from 0.6 to 1.9 &mgr;gN/kg soil/day were measured using intact core incubation techniques. Thethree riparian sites covered with grass each exhibited greaterdenitrification rates than the wooded site. Denitrification rate wascorrelated with moisture content but not with nitrate-N or organic carboncontents. Denitrification rates were greatest near the soil surface and atpositions nearest the stream. Rates decreased uniformly with distance awayfrom the stream and also with depth in the soil for each site. While patternsof nitrate-N, moisture, and organic carbon content differ among the sites,their combined effects on denitrification support the observed, consistentdenitrification rate pattern.KEY WORDS: Denitrification; Riparian ecosystems 相似文献
33.
G. Mathias Kondolf 《Environmental management》1997,21(4):533-551
/ Rivers transport sediment from eroding uplands to depositional areas near sea level. If the continuity of sediment transport is interrupted by dams or removal of sediment from the channel by gravel mining, the flow may become sediment-starved (hungry water) and prone to erode the channel bed and banks, producing channel incision (downcutting), coarsening of bed material, and loss of spawning gravels for salmon and trout (as smaller gravels are transported without replacement from upstream). Gravel is artificially added to the River Rhine to prevent further incision and to many other rivers in attempts to restore spawning habitat. It is possible to pass incoming sediment through some small reservoirs, thereby maintaining the continuity of sediment transport through the system. Damming and mining have reduced sediment delivery from rivers to many coastal areas, leading to accelerated beach erosion. Sand and gravel are mined for construction aggregate from river channel and floodplains. In-channel mining commonly causes incision, which may propagate up- and downstream of the mine, undermining bridges, inducing channel instability, and lowering alluvial water tables. Floodplain gravel pits have the potential to become wildlife habitat upon reclamation, but may be captured by the active channel and thereby become instream pits. Management of sand and gravel in rivers must be done on a regional basis, restoring the continuity of sediment transport where possible and encouraging alternatives to river-derived aggregate sources.KEY WORDS: Dams; Aquatic habitat; Sediment transport; Erosion; Sedimentation; Gravel mining 相似文献
34.
This article does not focus on adaptation or mitigation policy directly but on an allied opportunity that exists for the Pacific
Islands via the auspices of the Climate Convention, because the existing very costly energy systems used in the Pacific Island
region are fossil-fuel dependent. It is argued here that efforts can be made towards the development of energy systems that
are ecologically sustainable because Pacific Island nations are eligible to receive assistance to introduce renewable energy
technology and pursue energy conservation via implementation mechanisms of the Climate Convention and, in particular, through
transfer of technology and via joint implementation.
It is contended that assistance in the form of finance, technology, and human resource development from developed countries
and international organizations would provide sustainable benefits in improving the local Pacific Island environments. It
is also emphasized that mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions is not the responsibility of the Pacific Islands as they contribute
very little on a per capita global scale and a tiny proportion of total global greenhouse gas emissions. 相似文献
35.
WILLIAM E. HOGSETT JAMES E. WEBER DAVID TINGEY ANDREW HERSTROM E. HENRY LEE JOHN A. LAURENCE 《Environmental management》1997,21(1):105-120
/ The risk tropospheric ozone poses to forests in the United States is dependent on the variation in ozone exposure across the distribution of the forests in question and the various environmental and climate factors predominant in the region. All these factors have a spatial nature, and consequently an approach to characterization of ozone risk is presented that places ozone exposure-response functions for species as seedlings and model-simulated tree and stand responses in a spatial context using a geographical information systems (GIS). The GIS is used to aggregate factors considered important in a risk characterization, including: (1) estimated ozone exposures over forested regions, (2) measures of ozone effects on species' and stand growth, and (3) spatially distributed environmental, genetic, and exposure influences on species' response to ozone. The GIS-based risk characterization provides an estimation of the extent and magnitude of the potential ozone impact on forests. A preliminary risk characterization demonstrating this approach considered only the eastern United States and only the limited empirical data quantifying the effect of ozone exposures on forest tree species as seedlings. The area-weighted response of the annual seedling biomass loss formed the basis for a sensitivity ranking: sensitive-aspen and black cherry (14%-33% biomass loss over 50% of their distribution); moderately sensitive-tulip popular, loblolly pine, eastern white pine, and sugar maple (5%-13% biomass loss); insensitive-Virginia pine and red maple (0%-1% loss). In the future, the GIS-based risk characterization will include process-based model simulations of the three- to 5-year growth response of individual species as large trees with relevant environmental interactions and model simulated response of mixed stands. The interactive nature of GIS provides a tool to explore consequences of the range of climate conditions across a species' distribution, forest management practices, changing ozone precursors, regulatory control strategies, and other factors influencing the spatial distribution of ozone over time as more information becomes available.KEY WORDS: Ecological risk assessment; GIS; Ozone; Risk characterization; Forests; Trees 相似文献
36.
Demonstration of Line Transect Methodologies to Estimate Urban Gray Squirrel Density 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Eric W. Hein 《Environmental management》1997,21(6):943-947
Sciurus carolinensis ) have been labor intensive and costly, I demonstrate the use of line transect surveys to estimate gray squirrel density and
determine the costs of conducting surveys to achieve precise estimates. Density estimates are based on four transects that
were surveyed five times from 30 June to 9 July 1994. Using the program DISTANCE, I estimated there were 4.7 (95% CI = 1.86–11.92)
gray squirrels/ha on the Clemson University campus. Eleven additional surveys would have decreased the percent coefficient
of variation from 30% to 20% and would have cost approximately $114. Estimating urban gray squirrel density using line transect
surveys is cost effective and can provide unbiased estimates of density, provided that none of the assumptions of distance
sampling theory are violated. 相似文献
37.
Integration of Environmental Assessment into the Regional Development Planning Process of the Galilee 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
/ The Galilee region on the northern edge of Israel constitutes more than 15% of the state's territory, supplies more than half of its drinking water needs, and is an important recreational resource and destination for Israelis. One of the main objectives of the plan for the Galilee was to devise a regional physical and economic development strategy for the years 1992-2007 that would arrest the trend of emigration of its residents, attract newly arrived immigrants to the region, and at the same time protect natural resources and environmental quality. This paper is limited to discussion of the environmental aspects of the plan. It analyzes spatial concepts for distribution of projected population growth, evaluates environmental impacts of alternative plans, and proposes a decision-making framework and tools for minimizing natural resources loss from development at the local level. Assessment of potential environmental impacts generated quantitative data of natural resources areas. Application of the data in the plan evaluation stage showed that the alternative that concentrated most of the new development in central Galilee was the second-best choice environmentally, but was preferred as the best choice for overall qualities. The planning study offers an alternative environmental impact assessment (EIA) process to the one presently used in Israel by incorporating environmental considerations at the initial plan-making stage and not at the plan-approval stage. It demonstrated that in order to be effective, environmental assessment and land-use planning should be seen as one effort that is integrated from the start and in each stage of the plan-making process.KEY WORDS: Environmental assessment; Development planning; Galilee 相似文献
38.
介绍了系统安全评价的AHP方法,叙述了该方法的基本步骤,并以某公司热处理分厂评忏为实例,证明了该方法的有效性和实用性。 相似文献
39.
实验表明,饮用全茶水者的平均心率增加值明显低于饮用咖啡碱者和白开水者,其平均体温升高值小于饮用茶多酚者和白开水者,其失水量均低于饮用茶多酚者、咖啡碱者和白开水者;而饮用全茶水、茶多酚、咖啡碱或白开水,对手操纵功能无明显影响。 相似文献
40.
徐德蜀 《中国安全科学学报》1996,6(1):57-60
加大安全文化建设的宣传力度,使安全文化在国家有关法规和标准中,在国家决策领导人的思想中,占有重要地位,近两年来已取得初步进展。但倡导、弘扬和宣传安全文化要成为全民的自觉行动,还需做大量工作。中国的安全文化建设仍任道道远。 相似文献