上吸式生物质气化炉焦油成分的分析

文章在10 KWth上吸式生物质气化炉上进行木屑的气化实验,通过改变床层高度和气化剂空气的量,将产生的生物质焦油进行取样。经GC-MS分析得出上吸式气化炉焦油的主要成分为初级和二级焦油,其中以酚类焦油所占比重最多,大约为总量的38%~60%;在同样床高的条件下,随着空气量的增加,酚类焦油含量有所降低,但仍然是焦油中比重较大的。     

主成分分析法在水环境质量评价中的应用进展

对研究水质的一种多元统计方法——主成分分析法做了详细介绍,并对主成分分析法在河流、地下水、矿区、湖泊水质评价中的应用进行了综述,简要分析了主成分分析法在水环境质量评价中尚有不足之处。     

Compositions and sources of organic acids in fine particles (PM2.5) over the Pearl River Delta region, south China

Organic acids as important constituents of organic aerosols not only influence the aerosols' hygroscopic property, but also enhance the formation of new particles and secondary organic aerosols. This study reported organic acids including C14–C32fatty acids, C4–C9dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids in PM2.5collected during winter 2009 at six typical urban, suburban and rural sites in the Pearl River Delta region. Averaged concentrations of C14–C32fatty acids, aromatic acids and C4– C9 dicarboxylic acids were 157, 72.5 and 50.7 ng/m3, respectively. They totally accounted for 1.7% of measured organic carbon. C20–C32fatty acids mainly deriving from higher plant wax showed the highest concentration at the upwind rural site with more vegetation around, while C14–C18fatty acids were more abundant at urban and suburban sites, and dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids except 1,4-phthalic acid peaked at the downwind rural site. Succinic and azelaic acid were the most abundant among C4–C9dicarboxylic acids, and 1,2-phthalic and 1,4-phthalic acid were dominant aromatic acids. Dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids exhibited significant mutual correlations except for 1,4-phthalic acid, which was probably primarily emitted from combustion of solid wastes containing polyethylene terephthalate plastics. Spatial patterns and correlations with typical source tracers suggested that C14–C32fatty acids were mainly primary while dicarboxylic and aromatic acids were largely secondary. Principal component analysis resolved six sources including biomass burning, natural higher plant wax, two mixed anthropogenic and two secondary sources; further multiple linear regression revealed their contributions to individual organic acids. It turned out that more than 70% of C14–C18fatty acids were attributed to anthropogenic sources, about 50%–85% of the C20–C32fatty acids were attributed to natural sources, 80%–95% of dicarboxylic acids and 1,2-phthalic acid were secondary in contrast with that 81% of 1,4-phthalic acid was primary.     

Efficient dechlorination of chlorinated solvent pollutants under UV irradiation by using the synthesized TiO2 nano-sheets in aqueous phase

Titanium dioxide(TiO2), which is the widely used photo-catalyst, has been synthesized by simple hydrothermal solution containing tetrabutyl titanate and hydrofluoric acid. The synthesized product has been applied to photo-degradation in aqueous phase of chlorinated solvents, namely tetrachloroethene(PCE), trichloroethene(TCE) and 1,1,1-trichloroethane(TCA). The photo-degradation results revealed that the degradation of these harmful chemicals was better in UV/synthesized TiO2 system compared to UV/commercial P25 system and UV only system. The photo-catalytic efficiency of the synthesized TiO2 was 1.4, 1.8 and 3.0 folds higher compared to the commercial P25 for TCA, TCE and PCE degradation, respectively. Moreover, using nitrobenzene(NB) as a probe of hydroxyl radical(.OH), the degradation rate was better over UV/synthesized TiO2, suggesting the high concentration of.OH generated in UV/synthesized TiO2system. In addition,.OH concentration was confirmed by the strong peak displayed in EPR analysis over UV/synthesized TiO2system. The characterization result using XRD and TEM showed that the synthesized TiO2 was in anatase form and consisted of well-defined sheet-shaped structures having a rectangular outline with a thickness of 4 nm, side length of 50 nm and width of 33 nm and a surface 90.3 m2/g. XPS analysis revealed that ≡Ti-F bond was formed on the surface of the synthesized TiO2. The above results on both photocatalytic activity and the surface analysis demonstrated the good applicability of the synthesized TiO2 nano-sheets for the remediation of chlorinated solvent contaminated groundwater.     

基于主成分-聚类分析模型的生态环境脆弱性分析:以平潭综合实验区为例

目前对平潭综合实验区(平潭主岛)脆弱性评价方面的研究仅有地下水系统的脆弱性研究,对生态环境方面的脆弱性研究尚未见诸文献中。针对此情况,文章首先从自然因素、人为干扰因素和环境因素3个方面构建了生态环境脆弱性指标体系,然后运用主成分-聚类分析模型对平潭综合实验区的生态环境脆弱性进行分区。脆弱性分区结论为平潭综合实验区总体为中强度脆弱,其中极强脆弱区为白青乡,强度脆弱区为北厝镇和苏澳镇,中度脆弱区为中楼乡、澳前镇和敖东镇,轻度脆弱区为平原镇、潭城镇和流水镇,微脆弱区为芦洋乡。文章从增加防护林的面积和种类、调整优化土地利用结构、开展生态功能区划和生态环境保护规划的编制工作三方面提出了降低研究区域生态环境脆弱性的对策措施。     

上海市夏冬两季PM_(2.5)中碳组分污染特征及来源解析

2009年7月和2010年1月在上海市华东理工大学采样点采集PM2.5样品,应用热/光碳分析仪对样品中的有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)进行了测定,并计算得到了二次有机碳(SOC)、char-EC和soot-EC的质量浓度。结果显示:采样期间PM2.5、OC、EC、SOC、char-EC、soot-EC夏季平均浓度分别为(58.87±20.04)、(11.37±4.12)、(3.68±1.27)、(4.37±2.86)、(3.00±1.24)和(0.68±0.30)μg/m3;冬季平均浓度分别为(142.31±45.47)、(16.01±4.43)、(5.53±2.36)、(5.67±2.92)、(5.11±2.35)和(0.42±0.17)μg/m3,除soot-EC外,均呈现夏季低、冬季高的特点。在不同空气质量下,OC、EC和char-EC的质量浓度具有明显差异,且三者均与能见度、平均风速呈显著负相关。夏冬两季soot-EC、char-EC、SOC和POC占TC的百分含量相差不大,其中POC/TC值最高,soot-EC/TC值最低。夏季SOC/TC的比值高于冬季,可能由于气温高有利于发生光化学反应。对8个碳组分进行主成分分析,结果显示,燃煤、生物质燃烧、汽油和柴油车排放对PM2.5中碳组分的贡献显著,并且可能受燃煤和汽油车排放的影响最大。     

污泥处理产物资源化利用方向的分析

结合沈阳市污泥及其生物干化后的产物指标情况,对污泥处理产物的资源化利用方向进行分析,主要有土地利用、焚烧发电及填埋场覆盖土等几个方面。     

盐度对拟目乌贼生长及生化成分的影响

为探究盐度对拟目乌贼(Sepia lycidas)幼体生长和体生化成分的影响,采用突变和渐变两种实验方法研究了不同盐度(18、21、24、27、30、33)对其存活率、特定生长率、增重率、饵料系数与体生化成分的影响。结果表明:不同盐度对其存活率、特定生长率、增重率、饵料系数、体水分含量和粗蛋白质含量有显著的影响(P0.05),其粗脂肪和灰分影响不显著(P0.05)。存活率、特定生长率、增重率和粗蛋白质含量随着盐度升高先增后减,饵料系数先减后增,水分含量随着盐度升高而增加的趋势。其生长适宜的盐度是21~33,最适盐度为27~30。     

雷州半岛夏季近海海水环境质量聚类分析和综合评价

利用聚类分析和模糊综合评价法对雷州半岛夏季近海海域57个监测站位的海水环境状况进行分析和研究,并提出相关的水质保证建议。结果表明:通过R型聚类方法可将17个监测指标缩减为6个主要成分指标,利用Q型聚类分析将雷州半岛57个监测站位大致划分为3类。模糊综合评价法同样将雷州半岛监测站位划分为3类。分别为一类海水,二类海水和四类海水。聚类分析和模糊综合评价具有一定相似性又有一定的互补性,更能科学、客观地反映环境的实际状况,对海域的规划和科学管理具有一定的指导意义。     

春、夏季长江口海域表层沉积物中重金属污染的模糊综合评价及来源分析

通过2010年春季(5月)和夏季(8月)对长江口海域表层沉积物中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg、As含量的调查分析,应用模糊综合评价方法对表层沉积物中重金属元素的污染程度进行了评价,同时应用主成分分析方法分析了重金属来源。结果表明:春、夏季各重金属平均含量顺序依次均为ZnPbCuAsCdHg;仅在夏季有1个调查站位表层沉积物中重金属质量水平属于二类,其余各调查站位在春、夏季表层沉积物中重金属质量水平均属于一类,整体上,春季表层沉积物中重金属污染程度小于夏季;主成分分析的结果表明前2个主成分特征值均大于1,方差贡献分别为43.47%、33.31%,重金属分布主要受工业排污与生活污水、沉积物中有机质、地球化学成分的变化的影响。