多不饱和脂肪酸与粘红酵母低温适应性的关系

以一株粘红酵母(Rhodotorula glutinis)YM25079为研究对象,分析其低温生长适应性与细胞膜流动性、膜脂脂肪酸含量的变化以及多不饱和脂肪酸合成关键基因——Δ12-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因mRNA转录水平的关系.结果显示,YM25079在5-30℃温度条件下均能生长,最适生长温度为15℃.在15℃培养条件下,YM25079细胞膜流动性没有明显降低,但是多不饱和脂肪酸含量显著提高,由25℃时29.4%增加到15℃时的55.39%,而且15℃时Δ12-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因mRNA转录水平提高了5倍.这些研究结果表明,粘红酵母YM25079的低温生长适应性可能是通过提高多不饱和脂肪酸合成相关基因的表达水平,增加膜脂中多不饱和脂肪酸含量,维持低温条件下细胞膜的流动性来形成的.     

Remediation of soil heavily polluted with polychlorinated biphenyls using a low-temperature plasma technique

Polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） were removed by low-temperature plasma technique （dielectric barrier discharge） from heavily polluted soil and their intermediate products were analyzed. The removal rate ranged from 40.1 to 84.6% by different treatments, and they were also influenced significantly （P 〈 0.01） by soil particle-size, electric power, gas flow rate and reaction time. The optimal reaction conditions of PCB removal from the soil were obtained experimentally when soil particle-size, electrical power, flow rate and reaction time were 5-10mm, 21w, 120mL. rain and 90rain, respectively. However, decreasing electrical power, flow rate and reaction time to 18 w, 60 mL. min- and 60 min respectively were also acceptable in view of the cost of remediation. This technique was characterized by the additional advantage of thorough oxidation of PCBs in the soil, with no formation of intermediate products after reaction. The technique therefore shows some promise for application in the remediation of soils contaminated with persistent organic pollutants in brown field sites in urban areas.     

Combined biologic aerated filter and sulfur/ceramisite autotrophic denitrification for advanced wastewater nitrogen removal at low temperatures

An innovative advanced wastewater treatment process combining biologic aerated filter （BAF） and sulfur/ ceramisite-based autotrophic denitrification （SCAD） for reliable removal of nitrogen was proposed in this paper. In SCAD reactor, ceramisite was used as filter and Ca （HCO3）2 was used for supplying alkalinity and carbon source. The BAF-SCAD was used to treat the secondary treatment effluent. The performance of this process was investigated, and the impact of temperature on nitrogen removal was studied. Results showed that the combined system was effective in nitrogen removal even at low temperatures （8℃）. Removal of total nitrogen （TN）, NH4＋ -N, NO3-N reached above 90% at room temperature. Nitrification was affected by the temperature and nitrification at low temperature （8℃） was a limiting factor for TN removal. However, denitrification was not impacted by the temperature and the removal of NO3 -N maintained 98% during the experimental period. The reason of effective denitrification at low temperature might be the use of easily dissolved Ca（HCO3）2 and high-flux ceramisite, which solved the problem of low mass transfer efficiency at low temperatures. Besides, vast surface area of sulfur with diameter of 2-6 mm enhanced the rate of microbial utilization. The removal of nitrate companied with the production of SO42-, and the average concentration of SO27 was about 240mg.L^-1. These findings would be beneficial for the application of this process to nitrogen removal especially in the winter and cold regions.     

硝化菌载体低温处理生活污水中试

为了考察硝化菌包埋载体低温条件下处理城镇生活污水的技术可行性和可靠性并获得工程应用的参数,以A/O工艺中试系统为试验平台,重点研究了硝化菌包埋载体A/O生化系统低温条件下的启动条件和处理效果。结果表明:在低温条件下(13~15℃),接种普通好氧活性污泥,以已活化的硝化菌载体为核心的处理系统活化启动时间约10 d,不超过15 d;包埋硝化菌载体系统在适宜污泥浓度条件(3 000~3 500 mg/L)、投加率12%的情况下处理城镇生活污水,稳定运行阶段和负荷提高阶段(提高至设计负荷1.44倍)可使出水氨氮平均达1mg/L左右,去除率达99%以上,处理效果远远超出同条件下A/O系统。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰成型及低温烧结稳定化研究

对焚烧飞灰进行水泥固化成型,并对成型体进行烧结研究。通过XRD、SEM等表征方法探索垃圾了焚烧飞灰在高温条件下的反应机理,以及添加助熔剂对烧结的影响。结果表明:添加Na2CO3可促进水泥早期的固化,但对水泥后期的固化不利;在养护时间为2 d时,水泥固化飞灰试块抗压强度达到1.91 MPa,完全满足成型的要求;XRD和SEM分析结果表明:固化体烧结后主要生成钙铝黄长石、硅酸钙等,Na2B4O7·10H2O的助熔效果明显;随着烧结温度的升高,重金属Ni、Cu、Pb和Cd的浸出浓度和浸出率下降,随着助熔剂Na2B4O7·10H2O添加量的增加,重金属Cu和Cd的浸出率增加,Pb的浸出率降低;浸出实验结果表明:重金属Ni、Cu、Pb和Cd的浸出浓度远低于国家标准。     

冷冻堵漏法在危险化学品泄漏事故中的应用

为了研究液化气体泄漏冷冻堵漏的堵漏机制,运用流体力学、传热学等知识对液化石油气（LPG）储罐（槽罐）泄漏时泄漏口处产生局部低温的现象进行了研究,探讨了LPG液相泄漏和气相泄漏2种不同泄漏形式的低温效应。结果表明:液相泄漏时,泄漏口处温度下降程度与泄漏口面积成正比,且随着罐体内部压力的减小而减弱,推导出喷水冷冻堵漏的成冰时间公式;气相泄漏时,对罐内压力与温度的平衡关系进行模拟并建立了数学模型;发现由于LPG气、液相之间对流换热和汽化吸热效应的差异,导致液相与气相之间的温度差,此温度差是罐体外壁产生结霜分层现象的主要原因。     

低温等离子体结合锰基催化剂去除乙酸乙酯的研究

利用固态法和溶胶-凝胶法分别制备了钙钛矿（LaMnO₃）和八面体分子筛（OMS）两种锰基催化剂,在不同工况（输入电压、初始浓度、停留时间和催化剂放置量）条件下考察了等离子体催化对乙酸乙酯的降解特性.结果发现,锰基催化剂的加入显著提高了乙酸乙酯的去除率,减少了副产物的生成,并且OMS的催化活性高于LaMnO₃;此外,乙酸乙酯去除率随着电压的升高而增加,随着污染物初始浓度的增大而减少,并随停留时间的增长而变大;催化剂放置量为0.2 g时催化效果最佳.OMS催化剂在等离子体催化长期运行过程中表现出较好的稳定性.基于X射线衍射（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、H₂程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）、比表面积测试（BET）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）等手段对锰基催化剂物理化学性质的分析表明,OMS具有较高的催化活性主要归功于其拥有更高比例的Mn⁴⁺/（Mn³⁺+Mn⁴⁺）和吸附氧（O_ads）/晶格氧（O_latt）.     

淋土式介质阻挡放电等离子体修复阿特拉津污染土壤

介绍了淋土式介质阻挡放电等离子体修复阿特拉津污染土壤的方法,探究了土壤特性及等离子体发生参数对阿特拉津降解效果的影响并对中间产物进行检测与分析。结果表明:增加电压和频率有利于提高阿特拉津降解率,降低能量效率;增加初始浓度会导致降解率下降,能量效率上升;而增加土壤粒径或降低pH则导致降解率和能量效率下降;含水率增加使得降解率和能量效率先增后减。在峰-峰值36 kV,电源频率为200 Hz, pH=7.03条件下,60~80目的10 mg/kg阿特拉津污染干土经过50 s放电后阿特拉津降解率为70.95%,能量效率为0.014 mg/kJ。利用液相色谱质谱联用对中间产物进行测定,发现产物主要为脱烷基、脱氯和酮或醛等类阿特拉津产物,未检测到低聚物的生成。由于低温等离子体在土壤颗粒周围产生,使得臭氧和·OH等短寿命活性物种共同参与污染物降解过程,使得反应器降解效果得到增强。