有机农作物生产基本技术要求

序根据国际有机农业劳动联合会（IFOAM）及其部分成员组织的有机农作物生产技术规范，结合我国有机农作物的生产实际，我们编制了有机农作物生产所必须达到的基本要求。这一基本要求包括：环境、种子和幼苗、轮作、施肥、病虫害防治、杂草控制、收获后的贮存和运输、档案管理及申请颁证等方面内容。本材料不是有机农作物生产的全部规范，仅供种植者参考。1环境（1）包括土壤、空气和灌溉水等方面。其中空气相当于国家空气环境质量标准（GB3095－96）一级，水质相当于地面水环境质量标准（GB3838－88）三类（严于我国农田灌溉水质标准）…     

细菌浸出及其应用

细菌浸出由于其工艺和设备简单，投资少和快速的收益，操作方便等特点，目前已用于铜、铀、金等金属的湿法冶金工业，在煤炭、环境保护与废物利用等方面有相当大的潜力。本文涉及了细菌的种类、培养、作用等基础特征研究，其介绍了在选煤中的作用．     

光质对蛋白核小球藻（Chlorella pyrenoidosa）生长特征及生化组成的影响研究

采用发光二极管(light emitting diode,LED)调制光谱,研究了不同光质(红光、蓝光、白光、红蓝混光8∶1,红蓝混光8∶2,红蓝混光8∶3)对蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)生长特性及生化组成的影响.结果表明,蓝光下蛋白核小球藻生长效果最佳,其接种后培养30 d,光密度为2.4,比生长速率为0.10 d-1,生物量为0.64 g·L-1,而其它光质下光密度、比生长速率和生物量分别在1.0~1.7、0.07~0.10 d-1和0.27~0.38 g·L-1之间,蓝光条件下其光密度、比生长速率和生物量分别约为红光下的2.05倍、1.33倍和2.06倍;红蓝混光有利于蛋白核小球藻叶绿素a和β-胡萝卜素的合成,蓝光可促进叶绿素b的合成,红蓝混光8∶1其叶绿素a和β-胡萝卜素的含量分别为13.5 mg·g-1和5.8 mg·g-1,而蓝光下分别为8.4 mg·g-1和3.6mg·g-1;红蓝混光更有利于蛋白核小球藻单位细胞干重蛋白质和总脂的积累,红蓝8∶3蛋白质含量为489.3 mg·g-1,红蓝8∶1总脂含量为311.2 mg·g-1,而蓝光下蛋白质和总脂含量均较低,分别为400.9 mg·g-1和231.9 mg·g-1.     

污水处理厂二级出水中四环素抗性菌的生长特性与耐药性

抗生素抗性菌的扩散已成为全世界面临的重要公共卫生安全隐患.本文从某城市污水处理厂二级出水中分离出21株四环素抗性菌,对其种属、生理生化特性、抗生素耐受性进行了研究.结果表明,21株四环素抗性菌均属于肠杆菌科,分别属于气单胞菌属(9株)、埃希氏菌属(5株)、肠杆菌属(3株)、克雷伯氏菌属(2株)、柠檬酸杆菌属(1株)和哈夫尼菌属(1株).这些菌大多属于条件致病菌,且有18株携带质粒.21株四环素抗性菌中,气单胞菌、埃希氏菌的平均最大生长量显著高于肠杆菌,大部分菌株的迟滞时间在2 h以内.抗生素耐受性试验结果表明,四环素抗性菌对氯霉素耐受能力最强,对β-内酰胺酶类抗生素(青霉素、氨苄青霉素、头孢噻吩)的耐受性次之,对利福平的耐受性最弱.75%以上的四环素抗性菌同时表现出对其它5种抗生素具有抗性.以上结果为我国污水处理厂抗生素抗性菌的风险分析与控制提供了参考数据.     

洱海湖滨带不同基底高程下菰出苗及生长特征

为研究洱海不同类型湖滨带菰(Zizania caduciflora)的出苗及生长的特征,在2010年3月和6月(菰的主要出苗和生长季节)调查洱海湖湾型和非湖湾型湖滨带不同基底高程上菰生物量、密度、植株叶片数、植株高度等的变化,分析洱海水位变化的影响.结果表明:随着湖滨带基底高程的降低,洱海湖滨带菰的密度、生物量、单株叶片数呈先增高后快速降低趋势,株高则呈增大后基本不变的趋势;从株密度及生物量看,随着3—6月洱海水位的降低,湖湾型和非湖湾型湖滨带菰生长的最适基底高程都随之下降,3月为1 964.85 m,6月为1 964.55 m,所对应的水深均为0.3 m.3月和6月湖湾型湖滨带能够出苗良好的基底高程比非湖湾型分别低了0.3和0.6 m;随着水位的下降,湖湾型湖滨带菰出苗良好的范围向水下延伸,但在非湖湾型湖滨带,出苗良好的最低高程几乎不变.湖湾型和非湖湾型湖滨带菰出苗和生长的差异显示出其影响因素不同,在湖湾型湖滨带,水深动态变化是主要影响因子,而在非湖湾型湖滨带,风浪作用和水深动态变化存在共同作用.     

温度对空心菜生长的影响

通过设置4个温度梯度的生活污水实验,研究了温度变化对空心菜增长、分枝、生根及生物量变化等的影响。结果表明空心菜在较高温度条件下生长旺盛,培养15 d后,35℃培养条件下的空心菜增长10 cm,极显著高于另外3个温度培养条件下的植株增长(P<0.01);新生根21条,显著高于25℃培养条件时的空心菜新生根数量(P<0.05),极显著高于15℃和5℃条件下的空心菜新生根数量(P<0.01)。培养15 d后,5℃培养条件下空心菜的生物量最低,显著低于其在15℃和25℃培养条件下的生物量(P<0.05),极显著低于其在35℃培养条件下的生物量(P<0.01)。实验结果为空心菜在浮床系统中的植物选择和应用提供了参考依据。     

Remediation of nutrient-rich waters using the terrestrial plant, Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.

Effective control of eutrophication is generally established through the reduction of nutrient loading into waterways and water bodies. An economically viable and ecologically sustainable approach to nutrient pollution control could involve the integration of retention ponds, wetlands and greenways into water management systems. Plants not only play an invaluable role in the assimilation and removal of nutrients, but they also support fauna richness and can be aesthetically pleasing. Pandanus amaryllifolius, a tropical terrestrial plant, was found to establish well in hydrophytic conditions and was highly effective in remediating high nutrient levels in an aquatic environment showing 100% removal of NO~-N up to 200 mg/L in 14 days. Phosphate uptake by the plant was less efficient with 64% of the PO4-P removed at the maximum concentration of 100 mg/L at the end of 6 weeks. With its high NO~-N and PO43--P removal efficiency, P. amaryllifolius depleted the nutrient-rich media and markedly contained the natural colonization of algae. The impediment of algal growth led to improvements in the water quality with significant decreases in turbidity, pH and electrical conductivity. In addition, the plants did not show stress symptoms when grown in high nutrient levels as shown by the changes in their biomass, total soluble proteins and chlorophyll accumulation as well as photochemical efficiency. Thus, P. amaryUifolius is a potential candidate for the mitigation of nutrient pollution in phytoremediation systems in the tropics as the plant requires low maintenance, is tolerant to the natural variability of weather conditions and fluctuating hydro-periods, and exhibit good nutrient removal capabilities.     

Experimental study using the dilution incubation method to assess water biostability

Water biostability is of particular concern to water supply as a major limiting factor for heterotrophic bacterial growth in water distribution systems. This study focused on bacterial growth dynamics in the series dilution of water samples with TOC（total organic carbon） values determined beforehand. The results showed that the specific growth rate of Pseudomonas fluorescens P17 varied dramatically and irregularly with TOC value when TOC concentrations were low enough during the initial periods of incubation under given conditions. According to this relationship between bacterial growth rate and TOC, a dilution incubation method was designed for the study of water biostability. With the method under a given condition, a turning-point TOC value was found at a relatively fixed point in the curve between bacterial growth rate and TOC of water sample, and the variation of growth rate had different characteristics below the turning-point TOC value relative to that over this value. A turning-point TOC value similarly existed in all experiments not only with tap water, but also with acetate and mixed solutions. And in the dilution incubation method study, the affections were analyzed by condition factors such as inoculum amount,incubation time and nature of the organic carbon source. In very low organic carbon water environments, the variation characteristics of bacterial growth rate will be useful to further understand the meaning of water biostability.     

神东亿吨能源矿区露天矿林农土地复垦试验

2006~2007年在中国神华集团公司神东现代化亿吨煤炭矿区马家塔露天矿采煤坑回填土地,实施13.33 hm2造林种草、种植农作物二种土地复垦方式试验;结果表明:乔灌造林成活保存率是89%~98%、种草出苗率100%,采取造林种草土地复垦技术不但治理和改善了地处黄河中游乌兰木伦河Ⅰ级阶地煤炭露天开采坑的生态环境,有效预防和避免了因开发而新增水土流失的危害,并且具有土地复垦投资少、改良复垦区土壤效果显著的优点。采取农业种植土地复垦方式,不但投资较大、管理科目繁多,而且在短期内收益甚小。     

N、P、Fe、Mn对微小亚历山大藻生长及产毒的影响

本文采用L9(34)正交实验分析了NaNO3-N、KH2PO4-P、FeCl3-Fe和MnCl2-Mn对微小亚历山大藻生长及其麻痹性贝毒产生的影响。结果表明,当培养基中N、P、Fe和Mn含量分别为1 764μmol/L,123.6μmol/L,20μmol/L和2.7μmol/L时,显著促进亚历山大藻的生长。当上述4种因子含量分别为1764μmol/L,123.6μmol/L,30μmol/L和1.8μmol/L时,单位体积的产毒量最高,最高为5.31μmol/L。当4种因子含量分别为2 646μmol/L,123.6μmol/L,30μmol/L和1.8μmol/L时,单位细胞的产毒量最高,最高为190 fmol/cell。