食物废弃物制作塑料

美国夏威夷天然能源研究所科学家发明食物废料制作聚合物的新工艺。他们将食物废料用水稀释，并粉碎成浆质，保存在密闭的高温容器里，经过一定时间，浆质中的厌氧微生物大量繁殖，并分解容器中的有机物，释放出大量的有机酸将有机酸与浆质分离，移入专门的容器里。这种特殊的容器使有机酸溢出，而将化合物留在微生物的容器里，由微生物将其消化，并合成更大的聚合物分子，获得的聚合物为β羟基丁酸盐。每100kg有机浆质可得20—25kg的聚合物，可用于可降解的清洁包装袋、一次性塑料器具、药物胶囊等。     

β-环糊精/环氧氯丙烷聚合物的制备及其对双酚S的吸附特性

BPS（双酚S）用途广泛,但存在水环境污染问题,容易引起类似于双酚A的雌激素反应,因此需要寻求高效的吸附剂从水溶液中将其脱除.在NaOH水溶液中,以环氧氯丙烷为交联剂,合成了β-CDP（β-环糊精/环氧氯丙烷聚合物）,用于吸附水溶液中的BPS.基于此,考察了吸附时间、pH、初始ρ（BPS）、β-CDP用量对吸附性能的影响以及β-CDP的再生性能,探讨了吸附动力学、等温吸附模型和吸附机理.结果表明:①在温度为298 K、pH为5.4、β-CDP用量为0.05 g、初始ρ（BPS）为100 mg/L、BPS溶液体积为50 mL、吸附时间为60 min的条件下,BPS吸附量为69.7 mg/g,吸附率为69.7%;②吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型,表明化学吸附为速率控制步骤;③Langmuir吸附等温模型的成功拟合表明,吸附BPS在β-CDP表面上形成了单分子层覆盖;④β-CDP吸附BPS为放热过程,低温有利于吸附的进行;⑤与初始吸附量（69.7 mg/g）相比,β-CDP连续再生6次,BPS吸附量仍可达68.1 mg/g;⑥吸附机理是通过BPS的羟基与β-CDP形成氢键作为推动力,并借助β-CD（β-环糊精）空腔内部的疏水作用,使得BPS进入空腔形成包结物.研究显示,β-CDP对水溶液中的BPS具有良好的吸附性能,再生循环使用稳定性高,具有较高的性价比.      

溶菌酶和硫酸铝联用优化污泥脱水性能的研究

以污泥沉降体积、污泥比阻和污泥泥饼含水率为指标,考察了溶菌酶和硫酸铝联用时加药方式和加药剂量对活性污泥沉降性能及脱水性能的影响。结果表明,先投加溶菌酶后投加硫酸铝时污泥的脱水性能更佳,硫酸铝和溶菌酶的最佳投加量均为0.10 g/g TS(总固体),此时,污泥泥饼含水率和污泥比阻分别可达71.84%和0.68×1012m/kg,相比于硫酸铝单独调理分别降低了约5%和0.23×1012m/kg。污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)含量分析表明,溶菌酶和硫酸铝联用时显著降低了污泥中LB-EPS(松散附着性EPS)含量,在最佳投量下可将原污泥的LB-EPS中的蛋白质和多糖依次从(13.44±2.11)mg/L和(23.97±3.44)mg/L降至(1.72±0.32)mg/L和(8.69±0.15)mg/L,表明联合处理使得EPS中的水分得到释放,提高了脱水性能。     

A novel aminated polymeric adsorbent for removing refractory dissolved organic matter from landfill leachate treatment plant

Refractory dissolved organic matter (DOM) from landfill leachate treatment plant was with high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content. An aminated polymeric adsorbent NDA-8 with tertiary amino groups and sufficient mesopore was synthesized, which exhibited high adsorption capacity to the DOM (raw water after coagulation). Resin NDA-8 performed better in the uptake of the DOM than resin DAX-8 and A100. Electrostatic attraction was considered as the decisive interaction between the adsorbent and adsorbate. Special attention was paid to the correlation between porous structure and adsorption capacity. The mesopore of NDA-8 played a crucial role during uptake of the DOM. In general, resin in chloride form performed a higher removal rate of DOC. According to the column adsorption test, total adsorption capacity of NDA-8 was calculated to 52.28 mg DOC/mL wet resin. 0.2 mol/L sodium hydroxide solution could regenerate the adsorbent efficiently.     

胞外聚合物对MBR中改性无纺布过滤性能的影响

采用统计分析方法研究了胞外聚合物(extra-cellular polymeric sub6tances, EPS)对浸渍式膜生物反应器(submerged membrane bioreactor, SMBR)中聚乙烯醇改性聚丙烯无纺布过滤性能的影响.结果表明,无纺布膜组件表面污泥的溶解性EPS(soluble EPS, EPSs)、EPSs,组成(protein/carbohydrate, P/C)以及相对疏水性(relative hydrophobicity, RH)对膜的过滤性能有显著影响,与膜污染阻力的皮尔逊相关系数(rp)分别为:0.868、0.840、0.890;改性无纺布膜组件能有效抑制EPSs,的吸附、降低EPSs组分中P/C的比率、减少活性污泥的沉积.表明聚丙烯无纺布通过亲水改性后,过滤性能得到明显改善,表现出一定的耐污染性.     

Synthesis, characterization, and adsorption performance of Pb（Ⅱ）-imprinted polymer in nano-TiO2 matrix

Surface ion-imprinted in combination with sol-gel process was applied to synthesis a new Pb(II)-imprinted polymer for selective separation and enrichment of trace Pb(II) from aqueous solution. The prepared material was characterized by using the infrared spectra, X-ray di ractometer, and scanning electron microscopy. The batch experiments were conducted to study the optimal adsorption condition of adsorption trace Pb(II) from aqueous solutions on Pb(II)-imprinted polymer. The equilibrium was achieved in approximately 4.0 h, and the experimental kinetic data were fitted the pseudo second-order model better. The maximum adsorption capacity was 22.7 mg/g, and the Langmuir equation fitted the adsorption isotherm data. The results of selectivity experiment showed that selectively adsorbed rate of Pb(II) on Pb(II)-imprinted polymer was higher than all other studied ions. Desorption conditions of the adsorbed Pb(II) from the Pb(II)-imprinted polymer were also studied in batch experiments. The prepared Pb(II)-imprinted polymer was shown to be promising for the separation and enrichment of trace Pb(II) from water samples. The adsorption and desorption mechanisms were proposed.     

Selective removal of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid from water by molecularly-imprinted amino-functionalized silica gel sorbent

A molecularly-imprinted amino-functionalized sorbent for selective removal of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid(2,4-D) was prepared by a surface imprinting technique in combination with a sol-gel process.The 2,4-D-imprinted amino-functionalized silica sorbent was characterized by FT-IR,nitrogen adsorption and static adsorption experiments.The selectivity of the sorbent was investigated by a batch competitive binding experiment using an aqueous 2,4-D and 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP) mixture or using an aqueous 2...     

泥水预分离MBR膜污染缓减效能研究

通过长期运行实验,进行了泥水预分离膜生物反应器（sludge/water pre-separation membrane bioreactor, S/W-MBR）与传统淹没式膜生物反应器（submerged membrane bioreactor, SMBR）对比研究,考察了污泥浓度、胞外聚合物含量（extracellular polymeric substances, EPS）及过膜阻力（trans-membrane pressure, TMP）随运行时间的变化规律及其对膜污染的缓减作用.结果表明,S/W-MBR与SMBR生物区的污泥浓度基本一致,而S/W-MBR膜区的污泥浓度较SMBR有显著降低.两者生物区的EPS含量均随运行时间的延长而增加,而S/W-MBR膜区的单位质量污泥的EPS含量始终保持在15 mg/g左右的较低水平.S/W-MBR比SMBR具有更好的缓减膜污染能力,在近90d的连续运行过程中,前者的膜组件仅需清洗2次,后者的膜组件清洗了5次.     

基质种类对活性污泥絮体性状的影响

利用葡萄糖、淀粉、乙酸钠和苯酚4种典型基质,分别在4个相同的序批式反应器(Sequencing Batch Reactor,SBR)中培养活性污泥,并研究了基质种类对活性污泥絮体性状的影响.结果表明,以葡萄糖为底物培养的活性污泥胞外多糖含量最少,而苯酚所培养的活性污泥胞外蛋白质最多;从形成的EPS总量来看,苯酚最多,乙酸钠次之,葡萄糖和淀粉较少.不同基质培养的污泥Zeta电位也有一定差别,这是由EPS中多糖和蛋白质的比例不同造成的.红外分析表明,4种基质培养的污泥EPS中的主要基团较为相似,羧基、醇羟基、羧酸、酰胺和多聚糖均是EPS中的主要基团.此外,进水基质对活性污泥絮体的粒度分布及分形结构也有重要影响.     

电化学在三元复合驱采出水深度处理中的应用

采用电化学法对三元复合驱采出水常规工艺砂滤出水进行脱稳降黏处理,利用电絮凝催化氧化模块,实现高压脉冲电絮凝—微波紫外超声反应区—电催化氧化的联合作用,将悬浮固体降至5mg/L以下,聚合物降至50mg/L以下,含油量、COD及黏度均有大幅降低,为后续超滤膜、电渗析等深度处理工艺提供有利的进水条件,为配聚、外排提供技术支持。