应用固化酶检测黄瓜中氨基甲酸酯类农药

通过向固定液中加入适量明胶构成BSA-GA-gelatin系统,从而对传统交联固化酶法进行了改进,不仅提高了固化乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性而且经固定化的乙酰胆碱酯酶具有较好的稳定性,在常温下保存45d后仍未见酶活性有明显下降.在研究过程中分别对BSA、GA、明胶的最佳浓度进行了考察,最佳使用浓度分别为5%、0.5%、和0.1%.把乙酰胆碱酯酶固定到96孔酶标板上并与酶标仪联用减少了因目视颜色变化带来的误差,提高了检测结果的准确性.针对以往农药残留速测法普遍采用的表面冲洗法进行农药残留提取的方法进行了改进,使提取效率大大提高,对大多数残留农药的提取效率可达到80%以上而且方法快速、简便.该方法用来检测氨基甲酸酯类农药具有简便、快速、准确、灵敏度较高的特点,对黄瓜中5种氨基甲酸酯类农药的检测灵敏度在0.1～0.2 mg/kg范围内.     

德国垃圾卫生填埋场建设和运行中的环境安全措施

卫生填埋是处理城市垃圾和各种危险固体废物的主要方式。垃圾填埋场在接纳了大量垃圾的同时容易引起填埋气体爆炸、有毒有害物质向环境泄漏和填埋场使用年限缩短等环境安全问题。完善的填埋法律法规体系、科学的填埋场建设和运行管理是保证卫生填埋环境安全的核心。德国垃圾填埋处理有很长的历史,技术和管理都比较成熟。介绍了德国垃圾填埋处理的法律法规体系、主要技术指标以及填埋场日常运行系统,为我国垃圾的卫生填埋场建设和运行管理提供参考。     

含铜含镍电镀污泥的综合利用

提出了含铜含镍电镀污染综合利用的工艺流程，并用试验考察了各工序的技术经济指标。试验结果表明，铜粉品位大于90％，铜的回收率大于95％，硫酸镍质量达到工业一级，镍回收率大于80％，浸出渣和净化渣经固化处理后可作普通建筑材料使用，工艺过程产生的废水可以达标排放。     

疏浚泥固化处理的优化设计研究

将疏浚泥固化处理后的力学性质指标作为优化设计的约束条件,二次污染问题以及造价作为优化的目标函数,建立了固化处理的多目标优化设计模型。通过对固化处理进行优化设计可以解决力学性质、二次污染以及造价三者之间存在的矛盾,为建立系统的固化理论奠定了基础。并采用所建立的优化模型对大亚湾疏浚泥的固化处理进行了优化设计。     

Effects of calcined aluminum salts on the advanced dewatering and solidification/stabilization of sewage sludge

The high moisture content (80%) in the sewage dewatered sludge is the main obstacle to disposal and recycling. A chemical dewatering and stabilization/solidification (S/S) alternative for the sludge was developed, using calcined aluminum salts (AS) as solidifier, and CaCl2, Na2SO4 and CaSO4 as accelerators, to enhance the mechanical compressibility making the landfill operation possible. The properties of the resultant matrixes were determined in terms of moisture contents, unconfined compressive strength, products of hydration, and toxicity characteristics. The results showed that AS exhibited a moderate pozzolanic activity, and the mortar AS0 obtained with 5% AS and 10% CaSO4 of AS by weight presented a moisture contents below 50%–60% and a compressive strength of (51.32 ± 2.9) kPa after 5–7 days of curing time, meeting the minimum requirement for sanitary landfill. The use of CaSO4 obviously improved the S/S performance, causing higher strength level. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetrydifferential scanning calorimetry investigations revealed that a large amount of hydrates (viz., gismondine and CaCO3) were present in solidified sludge, leading to the depletion of evaporable water and the enhancement of the strength. In addition, the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and horizontal vibration (HJ 557-2009) leaching test were conducted to evaluate their environmental compatibility. It was found that the solidified products conformed to the toxicity characteristic criteria in China and could be safely disposed of in a sanitary landfill.     

我国城市垃圾填埋存在的问题与热点

城市垃圾围城问题日益迫切,生活垃圾的填埋仍然是我国现阶段应对广大城镇垃圾处置问题的主要方法。而由于国内城市垃圾填埋场建设和维护往往不严格遵循建设规范的要求,其环境风险仍然广泛存在。本文在重新明确填埋场技术规范的基础上,立足我国存量垃圾现状,结合国内外的研究．介绍了城市垃圾填埋处置中有较高应用价值的技术和理念。并对相关技术的实施要点作了适当概括．以期为国内生活垃圾填埋场管理和建设提供参考。     

污泥处置国内外进展

随着污水处理率的迅速提高,污泥产量也将大大增加.如不进行妥善处理,污泥中的重金属等有毒有害物质必将造成二次污染.目前国内外污泥处置方法有卫生填埋、堆肥处理、海洋倾倒、农用绿化、焚烧和热处理等.焚烧和热处理被认为是最有前景的处理方法.     

热等离子体熔融固化模拟医疗废物的研究

利用直流双阳极等离子体实验装置熔融固化处理不同组成的模拟医疗废物.研究了医疗废物熔融过程中重金属的迁移特性、熔渣的重金属浸出特性以及实验系统对医疗废物的处理效果.结果表明,经熔融处理得到的熔渣均呈典型的玻璃质结构,微观结构紧密、光滑且无空隙;所采用的等离子体对医疗废物中重金属有很好的固化效果,固化率在68.5%～89.4%之间;重金属Cd的浸出浓度低于仪器最低检测限,无法检出,Ni、Cr、Zn、Cu和Pb在熔渣中浸出浓度均远低于国家规定的毒性浸出标准.说明热等离子体技术是一种处理医疗废物的有效手段.     

Excavation and characterization of refuse in closed landfill

Refuse in landfills becomes stabilized as organic matter in refuse degrades and soluble inorganic substances dissolve during their longterm stabilization process.In this paper,this process is also referred to as mineralization process and the resultant stabilized refuse referred to as aged refuse.Aged refuse contains a wide spectrum and huge quantity of microorganisms with strong decomposition capability for refractory organic matter present in some wastewater such as leachate.In this study,aged refuse excavated from 2 to 10 years old closed landfill compartments in Shanghai Refuse Landfill is characterized in terms of particulate distribution by screening,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,biodegradable matter.The approaches for redevelopment of both land and aged refuse in the stabilized landfills are proposed.     

卫生和生物反应器填埋场夏季N2O释放的研究

采用静态箱/气相色谱(GC)法现场监测了杭州市天子岭废弃物处理总场卫生填埋场和生物反应器填埋单元夏季的N₂O释放通量,并讨论了相关影响因素. 研究发现:卫生填埋场覆土后N₂O释放通量(以N₂O-N计)随垃圾填埋龄的增加而大幅降低,其均值(18.07 μg/(m2·h))为生物反应器填埋单元(5.57 μg/(m2·h))的3倍多. 垃圾填埋龄、覆土土质与结构及填埋场操作方式是影响填埋场N₂O释放的主要因素,这些因素均主要通过改变覆土的理化特性而影响N₂O的释放. 采用多元线性逐次回归分析得到:卫生填埋场N₂O与覆土含水率和有机碳(SOC)质量分数构成的线性方程显著相关(R2＝0.86,P<0.01);生物反应器填埋单元N₂O的释放通量与覆土含水率、碳氮比(w(C)/w(N))和w(NO₃-)构成的线性方程显著相关(R2=0.89,P<0.01).